Unity and Sectionalism

1. Unity and Sectionalism By: Ms. Astle

2. The Era of Good Feelings • James Monroe won the 1816 presidential election easily. Political differences seemed to disappear during the Era of Good Feelings. • In 1820 Monroe was reelected, receiving all but one electoral vote.

3. Sectionalism Grows • Regional differences soon surfaced, and the Era of Good Feelings disappeared. People felt a strong tie to the region in which they lived. This promoted sectionalism, or loyalty to a region. • Differences arose over slavery and national policies. Slavery was opposed in the North and protected in the South. • National policies---such as tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements, or federal, states, and privately funded projects to develop the nation’s transportation system---were not accepted in all regions of the Union. • John Calhoun backed state sovereignty. Calhoun said high tariffs raised the prices of manufactured goods planters could not produce themselves and tariffs protected unproductive corporations.

4. Sectionalism Grows • Daniel Webster began to favor the Tariff of 1816, which protected American industries from foreign competition, and other policies that would strengthen the nation and help the North. • Henry Clay, of Kentucky, became known as the national leader who tried to resolve sectional disputes and conflicts through compromise. • The Missouri Compromise reached in March 1820 tried to preserve the balance between the North and the South. The South wanted Missouri, part of the Louisiana Purchase, admitted as a slave state, and the North wanted Missouri to be a free state. Maine’s statehood was also discussed.

5. Sectionalism Grows • The Compromise stated that : • Missouri would be admitted as a slave state. • Maine, still part of Massachusetts, would be admitted as a free state. • Slavery was banned in the remaining part of the Louisiana Territory north of the 36*30’ N parallel.

6. The American System • Henry Clay proposed a program called the American System in 1824. He felt that all regions of the nation would benefit from his program which included a protective tariff, internal improvements, and a national bank to promote one national currency and to lend money to build industry. • Not everyone agreed. Thomas Jefferson thought that the American System favored the wealthy manufacturing classes of New England. The South agreed with Jefferson and did not see how they would benefit from the tariff or internal improvements. Congress adopted some internal improvements and created the controversial Second Bank of the United States.

7. Foreign Affairs • President Monroe signed two agreements to resolve long-standing disputes with Britain. The first of the was the Rush-Bagot Treaty, signed in 1817. • It set limits on the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes. It also provided for the disarmament, or removal of weapons, along the border between British Canada and the United States. • The second was the Convention of 1818, in which the official boundary of the Louisiana Territory was set at the 49* parallel and became a demilitarized zone, one without armed forces. America was also given the right to settle in the Oregon Territory.

8. Foreign affairs • When General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish East Florida in April 1818 and took control of two Spanish forts, he went beyond his orders to stop Seminole raids on American territory. The Spanish minister, Luis de Onis, and John Calhoun said that Jackson should be court-martialed. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams disagreed.

9. Foreign affairs • Spain signed the Adam-Onis Treaty in 1819, in which Spain gave East Florida to the United States and gave up claims to West Florida. • In return the United States gave up claim to Spanish Texas and agreed to pay $5 million that American citizens claimed Spain owed them for damages. • The border between the United States and Spanish possessions in the Northwest was extended from the Gulf of Mexico to the 42nd parallel and then west to the Pacific. The United States gained a large piece of territory on the Pacific Northwest as a result of this treaty.

10. Latin American republics • Spain faced challenges within its empire in north America. In 1810 Miguel Hidalgo led a rebellion in Mexico which helped lead to its independence in 1824. • Simon Bolivar, the “Liberator,” led an independence movement which helped Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador win independence. • Jose de San Martin led an independence movement in which Chili and Peru won their independence. • By 1824 Spain liberated most of South America. What remained of the Spanish Empire consisted of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and some Caribbean Islands.

11. Latin American Republics • The Monroe Doctrine, issued on December 2, 1823, served to protect North America from increased European involvement. • It stated that the United States would not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas, but it would oppose any new ones. • When the doctrine was issued the U.S. did not have the military power to enforce it. However, it became and has remained an important part of American foreign policy.

12. Sources • The White House: Presidents of the United States (2008) United States Government at URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ • Wikipedia: John C. Calhoun (2009) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun • Wikipedia: Daniel Webster (2009) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Webster • Wikipedia: Henry Clay (2009) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay • American History Picture Packs Collection C: The American Revolution and the Early Republic, 1765-1820 CD-Rom (2002) History Pictures • Wikipedia: Missouri Compromise (2009) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Compromise • Wikipedia: Oregon Country (2009) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Country • Wikipedia: Jose de San Martin (2009) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_de_San_Martin • Wikipedia: Simon Bolivar (2009) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bolivar • Wikipedia: Miguel Hidalgo (2009) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Hildago

13. Resources • Wikipedia: Missouri (2008) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri • Wikipedia: Maine (2008) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine • Blank Maps for Quizzes (1995-2008) Pearson Education, Inc. at URL: http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI036.jpg&imgrefurl=http://wps.ablongman.com/long_divine_appap_7/0,9455,1518971-content,00.html&h=1004&w=800&sz=137&tbnid=hrv3RMmhgyE6fM:&tbnh=149&tbnw=119&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnew%2Bengland%2Bcolonies%26um%3D1&start=3&sa=X&oi=images&ct=image&cd=3 • Wikipedia: Adams-Onis Treaty (2008) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams-Onis_Treaty • Wikipedia: Monroe Doctrine (2008) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_doctrine