CONTACT: Europeans & Amerindians

1. CONTACT: Europeans & Amerindians APUSH – Mr. Hesen

2. OVERVIEW: BIG IDEAS By 1600 Europeans created first global economy “Age of Discovery” resulted in the greatest human catastrophe ever 90% Amerindians died by 1600 Over 10 million African and Amerindian slaves Cultural differences were so immense that conflicts occurred over three centuries Summary of relations: Spain – sought to Christianize Indians French – sought to establish trade with Indians English – move Indians or eradicate them

3. Native Americans (Amerindians) • Population – 50-70 million • Arrived in more than 40,000 years ago using Bering Strait • Spread to the tip of South America by 8,000 BCE • First Indians hunted animals for fur • Very nomadic – had to move with the herds Hundreds of tribes with different languages, religions, and cultures: • By 4,000 BCE – more permanent farming communities in southwestern U.S. • Grew mostly maize, amaranth, manioc, chilies, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, and beans

5. Development of Societies – “sedentary societies” • Incas – in Peru • Aztecs – in Mexico • Mayans – along the Yucatan Peninsula • Developed advanced agricultural techniques based on corn • Built stone-carved cities rivaling those in Europe • Studied mathematics and astronomy • Men and women worked in fields together • Used surpluses for trade- early economic systems developed

6. North American Indians • Far Less developed than South American cultures • “Semi-sedentary” societies • Some agriculture: • Developed by women • “Three Sisters”: MAIZE, SQUASH, and BEANS • Men hunted; women farmed • Europeans sought to turn men to farming • GOAL: “…reducing the Indian men to civility”

7. Most societies were matrilineal and matrilocal • Women “owned” the property • No real individual land ownership • “Use rights” allocated by chiefs • Men were the teachers by example • Amerindians did not want more property than absolutely necessary • Opposite to European culture – based around worldly goods • Extensive trade along the Mississippi Valley • Most important man in tribe gave the most away • Trade wasn’t a contract • When trade stopped…war began

8. Pueblo Indians • Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado • Corn planting • Irrigation systems • Multi-storied and terraced dwellings • The “Anasazi Mystery” • Cliff dwellers

9. Mound Builder Civilization • Civilizations in the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys • Mississippian culture (e.g. Cahokia near E. St. Louis) • Rivaled Egyptian architecture; home to as many as 40,000 people (c. 1000-1700 BCE) • Central mound, 100 ft. high, world’s largest earthen work • Largest city north of Mexico -Iron tools, wore woven fabrics, buried dead in collective graves • Trade spanned from Appalachians to Rockies; Great Lakes to Gulf of Mexico

10. Atlantic Coast • Crops: maize, beans, & squash (c.1000 CE) • Creeks practiced democratic style government • Choctawand Cherokee were also prominent • Iroquoisin eastern woodlands built a strong military confederacy • Mohawk Valley of what is today New York State • Consisted of Five Nations: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and the Senecas.

11. Religious Differences European Beliefs Amerindian Beliefs Amerindians had nothing in comparison Christians ate their own god (Eucharist) Amerindians had no concept of heaven Disliked Christian heaven – no Indians present Preferred to be buried with the own ancestors. • Bible – literal interpretation • Bible did not mention Amerindians • What were they? • Saw Indian practices as worshipping Satan

12. Differences in War • Amerindians were curious why Europeans sought decisive battles on an open battlefield - Saw it as tremendous waste of humans - Used guerrilla-type warfare. - Europeans made poor torture victims

13. .   Faltering RelationsEuropeans resorted often to killing women and children– savage warfare • Pequot War in 1630s was the most gruesome example • By King Philip’s War (1670s), Amerindians had learned this lesson well and destroyed Puritan villages, killing non-combatants. • Amerindians often captured children of other tribes and assimilated them.

14. European Explorers • Non-Europeans came prior to Columbus but did not stay.

15. European Motives for Exploration in the Age of Discovery (“ENDER”) • Emerging nation-states sought power; competed against rivals -Competition between Catholics and Protestants became conflict of national purposes • New technology enabled Europeans to dominate -Gunpowder, new sailing technologies, etc. • Desire to Christianize new peoples • Economics -Need for new markets esp. from the East (e.g., spices) • Renaissance (starting late 14th c. lasting well into 16th c.) -Atmosphere of rebirth, optimism, exploration -Secular Europe began to break away from religious domination

16. The Portuguese GOAL: Sought all-water route to Asia (late 15th c.) • Bartholomew Dias (1488) • Rounded southern tip of Africa in search of route toAsia. • Vasco da Gama reached India (1498) • Brought back treasures creating European demand for eastern goods • PietroCabral - Discovered east coast of Brazil during failed voyage to India. - Brazil eventually became a Portuguese colony • Amerigo Vespucci (1501-02)- Exploration in Brazil – landed in “America” Portugal was the first to introduce African slavery in the NewWorld

17. The Spanish • Christopher Columbus (Italian explorer) • Spain eager to compete with Portugal • Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand support Columbus. • Columbus’ motives: • Religious: believed in spreading the Gospel • Wealth • Columbus landed in the Bahamas on Oct.12, 1492. • Believed he had reached East Indies (Indonesia). • Moved on to Hispanola (Haiti) where Arawoks were friendly; had tobacco & gold. • ArawokIndians virtually exterminated by Columbus and his followers

18. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) • Spain secured its claim to Columbus's discoveries • New World divided: Portugal got Brazil + territory in Africa & Asia; Spain dominated North & South America • RESULT: Spain did not gain access to West African slave trade

20. Spanish Discoverers (God, Glory, Gold) • Vasco Nunez Balboa discovered Pacific Ocean off of Panama in 1513 • Ferdinand Magellan: His ship was first to circumnavigate the globe in 1522. • Ponce de Leon discovered Florida (thought it was an island) in 1513 seeking the fountain of youth • Francisco Coronado in search of golden cities traveled through the American Southwest • Juan Cabrillo sailed as far north as Oregon, discovered San Diego Bay. • Laid basis for Spain’s claims to northern Pacific Coast of North America

21. Conquerors -- Conquistadores Hernando de Soto in a gold seeking expedition in 1539-42 explored much of the American southeast (crossed the Mississippi River); treated Indians badly. HernanCortésconquered the Aztecs in 1519-1521                      -- Montezuma's envoys thought Cortes was Aztec god Francisco Pizarrodefeated Incas in 1532; vast amounts of gold & silver Spanish invaders enslaved Indians; forced labor digging for precious metals. Empire stretched from California and Florida to the tip of South America. Transplanted laws, religion and language and laid foundations for a score of Spanish-speaking countries "Black Legend": false view advanced by Protestant countries that only Spain "killed for Christ," enslaved Indians, stole their gold, infected them with diseases, and left nothing but misery behind.

22. St. Augustine (1565) • Oldest European settlement in the modern-day U.S. • Purpose: keep French out of Spanish southeast territory and protect sea lanes in the Caribbean

23. France in North America • French exploration (beaver trade) • Giovanni da Verrazano, 1524: sailed American coast from Carolina to Maine. • Jacques Cartier explored up the St. Lawrence River in 1530s. • Samuel de Champlain“father of New France” established Quebec in 1608

24. Other French Explorers • Antoine Cadillac -- founded Detroit in 1701 • Aimed to keep English settlers out of the Ohio Valley • Robert de La Salle -- Sailed from Quebec, down through the Great Lakes, and down the Mississippi River • Goal: prevent Spanish and English expansion into Gulf of Mexico region

25. French established posts in the Mississippi region (New Orleans was the most important—1718) • Attempted to block Spanish expansion into the Gulf of Mexico • Forts and trading posts in Illinois country: Kaskaskia, Cahokia, & Vincennes • Large amounts of grain was sent down the Mississippi River for shipment to the West Indies and Europe.

26. England's Search for Empire Major causes leading to British colonial impulse: - Eventual peace with Spain provided opportunities overseas without harassment - Population growth created a surplus of workers, many of whom became potential colonists - Unemployment (economic opportunity), farm land, adventure, markets, political freedom, religious freedom, social change. - Joint-stock companies provided financial means: investors provided resources for sea expeditions

27. English Compete with Spain and France • John Cabot (1497-98) explored coast of Newfoundland to Virginia on behalf of England. • Frobisher (1576) explored coast of Labrador • Sir Francis Drake’s "sea dogs" pirated Spanish ships on the high seas • English attempt to colonize in the late-16thcentury • Sir Walter Raleigh - Roanoke • led 115 men, women & children to Roanoke Island off coast of Virginia; mysteriously vanished. • “CROATOAN”

28. Results of contact between Native-Americans and Europeans For Native Americans: • Mass death and genocide: By 1600, nearly 90% of Native American population perished • European diseases, e.g., smallpox, yellow fever, malaria, most destructive. • Central American & Caribbean population in 1519 = perhaps 25 million; only 1 million remaining in 1605. • Cattle, swine and horses, firearms • Great Plains tribestransformed via horses

29. For Europeans • Global empires for 1st time in human history • Explosion of capitalism (Commercial Revolution) • Revolution in diet • Corn, beans, tomatoes & esp. potato lead to improved diet • Revolutionized the international economy. • Stimulants: coffee, cocoa, and tobacco

30. Contributions of Europeans to North America

32. The French The beaver trade led to exploration of much of North America; heavy demand for fur in European fashion) • Ameridiansgained firearms, alcohol, pots, glass beads • Coureursde bois (“runners of the woods”) • French seamen—voyageurs–recruited Indians into the fur trade • French expansion into Mississippi Valley resulted in trade relations with southeast Indians

33. Jesuits • Catholic missionaries who sought to convert Indians and save them from the fur trappers • Sought conversion through example • Some were brutally killed by Amerindians • Played a vital role as explorers and geographers

34. French Diplomacy with Amerindians • The French made friends with Algonquins and Huronsensuring the survival of Quebec. • Iroquois League in upstate New York prevented the French from spreading south into NY and parts of the Ohio Valley

35. Spain and the Pueblo Indians in the American Southwest: • Juan de Oñateestablished New Mexico, 1598 • Retaliated against Pueblo Indians at Acoma by killing 800 and enslaving 600 others • Pueblos submitted to Spanish demands for labor and food, especially during drought conditions • Santa Fe became the capital in 1610.

36. Encomienda system • Amerindians forced to do unpaid labor to build roads, buildings, and other infrastructure in towns. • Pueblo villages also required to pay tribute to Spanish leaders

37. Pueblo Revolt of 1680 • Amerindians rebelled against Spanish rule in New Mexico and expelled them for over ten years • Killed half the Spanish clergy and over 350 settlers • Albuquerquefounded in 1706 by Spanish soldiers but did not employ the encomiendasystem • Indian religion tolerated as long as they attended Catholic mass

38. English Colonies (East Coast) • Pilgrims in Plymouth Bay established good relations with Chief Massasoit of the Wampanoags • Squanto served as an effective intermediary • Purchased land from Indians for creation of Plymouth Plantation • First Thanksgiving held in 1621 between Indians and Pilgrims • Puritans in New England tried conversion of Indians but it failed

39. Pequot War (1630s) • An alliance of the Massachusetts and Plymouth colonies and Amerindians • Destroyed the Pequot tribe • English settlers resorted often to killing Indian women and children

40. New England Confederation (1643): created by New England colonies for collective security against Amerindians: • Later: Effective in defeating Amerindians throughout New England

41. King Philip’s War (1670s): Wampanoags used English tactic of attacking innocent civilians and destroyed Puritan villages. • Per capita, bloodiest war in American history. • Defeat of Chief Metacom’s forces represented the end of significant Amerindian influence in New England.