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Alexander Barnaveli Georgia

Fluid Bridge. Alexander Barnaveli Georgia. If a high voltage is applied to a fluid (e.g. deionized water) in two beakers, which are in contact, a fluid bridge may be formed. Investigate the phenomenon. (High voltages must only be used under appropriate supervision - check local rules.).

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Alexander Barnaveli Georgia

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  1. Fluid Bridge Alexander Barnaveli Georgia If a high voltage is applied to a fluid (e.g. deionized water) in two beakers, which are in contact, a fluid bridge may be formed. Investigate the phenomenon. (High voltages must only be used under appropriate supervision - check local rules.)

  2. Presentation Plan • Experiment • Reasons of fluid bridge formation • Parameters of our bridge • Comparison of theory and experiments • Other effects • Conclusion

  3. Experiment video video

  4. Factors of fluid bridge formation • Electric forces • Surface tension • Structurization of water molecules due to electric field

  5. Process Beginning Beakers

  6. Force acting on a fluid cylinder L - Distance between beakers L c - Bridge length A=πR2 - Cross-section area. E - Electric field intensity along the cylinder axis D= εE - Electric induction (displacement) ε - Dielectric permeability _ _ • Due to polarization, at the end of the cylinder appears charge equal to: ±Q. • In Gauss unit system: • (1) • Cylinder tension force: • τ =QE • From (1) - • (2)

  7. Length of the liquid cylinder L - Distance between beakers L c - Bridge length A=πR2 - Cross-section area. E - Electric field along the cylinder axis D=εE- Electric induction (displacement) ε - Dielectric permeability • ρ = 1g/cm3 • g=980cm/sec2 • E=10KV/cm ≈ 35 CGSE • ε=80 • Weight of the bridge is Mg=ρgALc. It is compensated by tension force Taking in account (2) and assuming that ,we get If θ≈15◦,We get approximately L≈2cm

  8. Shape of fluid bridge • Water bridge is “elastic liquid heavy rope” fixed by its ends. • Bridge has so called “Chain” shape. • Bridge “linear specific” weight is – ρgA. • Tension force – τ. • Distance between fixing points – L . • Heavy chain line equation is (D.Douglas, R.Thrash) : • (3) • (2) • Inserting (2) into (3) we get: • (4) • Maximal sag: • (5)

  9. Comparison to experiment • We can estimate the “sag” of the bridge in our experiment: • L = 2cm • ρ = 1g/cm3 • g=980cm/sec2 • E=10KV/cm ≈ 35 CGSE • ε=80 • In our case h ≈ 1 mm

  10. Surface tension Surface tension also compensates gravitational force: Surface tension also tries to split the bridge into droplets In case of electric field, it is energetically “favorable” for bridge surface to stay unperturbed (Aerov 2011). For bridge stability, electric field has to be larger than critical one(Aerov 2011) : ვიდეო

  11. Structure of the bridge Bridge structure

  12. Various effects • Crawling on the wall • Evaporation • Liquid flow in beakers • Droplets

  13. Crawling on the wall In case of electric field, Bernoulli equation is as follows : (Widom et al 2009) • Polarized dielectric fluid can crawl on the wall on a height equal to: • In our case, water can crawl on wall up to2–3 cmheight

  14. “Droplet effect” • Droplet effect

  15. Evaporation • Evaporation

  16. Ion jets Jets

  17. Liquid flow in beakers • Liquid flows in beakers when ions are present • Liquid flows mainly in direction of anode, because negative ions are massive

  18. Conclusion • In case of high voltage, between the beakers appears a liquid bridge • The main factors of fluid bridge stability are: • Electric forces • Surface tension of liquid • Molecular structures • Electric field and surface tension forces are needed for bridge not to be torn. • Experimental and theoretical results coincide quite well • There are signs ofmolecular structures • Observed liquid bridge oscillations

  19. Thank you for attention!

  20. Reference • A. Widom, J. Swain, J. Silverberg, S. Sivasubramanian, Y. N. Srivastava. Theory of the Maxwell pressure tensor and the tension in a water bridge. PHYSICAL REVIEW E 80, 016301, 2009. p. 016301-1. • D.A. Douglass, R. Thrash. Sag and Tension of Conductor. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. 2006 . • A.Aerov. Why the Water Bridge does not collapse, Phys. Rev. E 84 (2011) 036314

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