Andrew Jackson 1829-1837

1. Goal 2 Andrew Jackson1829-1837

2. Tariff 1816 • Was a Tariff set up after the War of 1812 to protect America’s new Industries. • Was meant to protect a flooding of goods. • By 1828 it saw its third increase. • South Carolina saw it as the “Tariff of Abominations.” • The Southerners believed it protected Northern Industries at the South’s expense.

3. South Carolina Conflict • John C. Calhoun led the conflict. • Vice President • Created the Nullification theory – is it legal for some of the Federal laws to apply to all the states? • In 1832 a new tariff law was instituted by Federal Government. • Unacceptable to South Carolina and they threatened to leave the Union.

4. Andrew Jackson’s Force Bill • In reaction to South Carolina’s actions -Jackson pressed for the Force Bill to be passed in 1833. • It allowed the army and the navy to be used against South Carolina if they refused to pay the taxes. • Henry Clay created the “Great Compromise of 1833” which would enforce the taxes and tariffs, but the tariff bill would be lowered over a 10 year period.

5. Jackson Election • After Jackson lost to Adams in the 1824 election the “Jacksonians” split with the Republican Party and created the Democratic-Republican Party (future Democratic Party). • Jacksonians believed Adams stole the election from Andrew Jackson. • There was more voting opportunities for the American citizens when land ownership was no longer a requirement to be eligible to vote. • Jackson was elected President in1828. • Presented himself as a man of the people.

6. Rise of the Spoils System • Jackson replaced Adam’s Cabinet with friends and supporters from his own party. • The Spoils System is based on “To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy.” • 10% of Federal appointees were fired. • Open positions went to loyal Jacksonians. • The advisor positions went to Jackson’s friends. • These men were given the name the “kitchen cabinet.”

7. Jackson and the Bank • During Jackson’s Presidency the 2nd Bank of the United States’ (BUS) charter was supposed to expire in 1836. • For election purposes, the expiring charter was brought before the President in 1832, but he “Pocket Vetoed” it. • A pocket veto is when a bill, given to the President by Congress to sign, is held until Congress ends their session. • Jackson was determined to end the BUS, because it was corrupt and the charter gave it an advantage over the other Banks.

8. Rise of the Pet Banks • Jackson had the Secretary of the Treasury place Government funds in state banks supportive to the party. • These banks came to be known as “Pet Banks.” • Nicholas Biddle, President of the BUS, lost funds to the bank and demanded all loans be paid and refused to give out new ones. • In 1836 the Charter was not renewed and the BUS became another Bank – which went out of business shortly after. Nicholas Biddle

9. Effects of the changes to the Banks • The value of the U.S. dollar dropped. • Panic of 1837 where banks closed and credit collapsed. • 1/3 of all jobs were lost. • Hundreds of businesses went bankrupt. • Paper currency lost value. • Gold and Silver exchanges made matters worse.

10. Indian Removal Act of 1830 • Many Native American tribes lived on lands good for farming or mining. • Jackson believed “assimilation” of the tribes would not work – and white settlers wanted their lands. • 5 “civilized tribes” – the Cherokee, the Choctaw, the Seminole, the Creek, and the Chicksaw. • Jackson made treaties with around 90 Native American tribes. • Some were forced to sign the treaties. • The Sauk, Fox, and Chickasaw were forced from their lands in 1831 and 1832.

11. Cherokee Nation Fights Back • Cherokee decide to fight back using the legal system. • Chief Justice John Marshal refused to see their case because they were a “Domestic Dependent Nation.” • Samuel Austin Worcester agreed to help the Cherokee. • Worcester v. Georgia (1832) ruled that the Cherokee were a distinct political community who could not be regulated by the state of Georgia. • Jackson refused to enforce the decision. “Marshall has Made his decision, now let him enforce it!” Samuel Austin Worcester

12. Cherokee Nation • In 1835 a minority of the Cherokee were beginning to favor relocation. • This minority became the representatives of the Cherokee Nation to the United States. • In 1835– 8 million acres of the Cherokee lands were given to the government for 5 million dollars and land on the other side of the Mississippi River.

14. Effects of the Indian Removal Act • In 1838 approximately 20,000 Cherokee had remained behind. • They were sent on a 800 mile journey. • Known as the Trail of Tears • Cherokee exodus. • ¼ of the people died along the journey. • People traveled mostly on foot.