Background Basics: Units of measure Hydrophobic/philic molecules Proteins Compound molecules pH

1. Ch 3: Compartmentation: Cells & Tissues Or, Anatomy class in one lecture! Background Basics: Units of measure Hydrophobic/philic molecules Proteins Compound molecules pH DNA and RNA

2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uvs5cOJYw7U&feature=player_detailpagehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uvs5cOJYw7U&feature=player_detailpage • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P787YYFz81w

3. Special Structural Features of Cell Membranes • Microvilli • Cilia • Stereocilia • Flagella Function?

4. Cilia and Flagella • Contain motor proteins • 9+2 microtubule pattern • Cilia move fluids • Flagella move sperm cells

5. Cilia

7. The Cell

8. Cytosol: = semigelatinous intracellular fluid Medium for suspension of Organelles, Ions, nutrients, wastes, enzymes etc.……. Inclusions Organelles perform specialized tasks. Cytoplasm Membranous organelles Non-membranous organelles

9. The Cell Membrane • Fluid Mosaic Model • Phospholipids • Integral Proteins • Peripheral Proteins • Glycocalyx • Glycoproteins • MHC • Glycolipids • Cholesterol

10. Cytoplasmic Organelles

11. Centriole

12. 

13. Ribosomes • Function: Transfer of messages from DNA • Fixed to ER or free in cytoplasm

14. Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosome

15. RER & SER RER: Protein synthesis, storage, modification & transport vesicles SER: Synthesis and conversion of FA, steroids, lipids In muscle: Ca2+ storage

16. Golgi Apparatus TEM “Post office” of cell • Modification (labeling) of proteins • Packaging into secretory (to ECF) or storage vesicles

17. Golgi Apparatus

19. Lysosomes Garbage can of the cell Contains digestive enzymes Also used to dissolve Ca-carbonate of bone and for self destruction of damaged cells Disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and Tay-Sachs disease

20. Peroxi-somes Major function: Degradation of long chain FA’s Generate hydrogen peroxide  contain catalase Smaller than Lysosomes - Different set of enzymes

21. Membranous Organelles Special compartments for special functions • Separate harmful substances from other cell areas • Separate function from other cell areas Mitochondrion = powerhouse of cell. Energy (ATP) production Has own DNA, self-replicating

22. Nucleus • Control Center • Nuclear envelope with nuclear pore complexes for diffusion and active transport • Chromatin (DNA and proteins) • DNA forms genes • One or more nucleoli

23. Cell differentiation From 1 zygote to 200 different types of cells Mesenchymal cells = Stem cells

24. Stem Cells • Review concept of stem cells • Totipotent – earliest cells in zygote • Pluripotent – starting specialization • Multipotent – more specialized (bone marrow) • Research: • Fetal stem cells • Plasticity of adult stem cells

25. Tissue Remodeling Tissue remodeling throughout a person’s life • Apoptosis = Programmed cell death (suicide) • Cell breaks up into membrane bound blebs which will be phagocytosed by other cells. • Necrosis = traumatic cell death • Lack of O2, trauma, toxins • Cells rupture  tissue damage & inflammation

26. The main component of the cytosol is: • Proteins • Sugars • Salts • Water

27. The Golgi apparatus • Is where products are dispatched in vesicles • Is where glycogen is added to proteins • Receives transport vesicles from the rough ER • All of the above are correct

28. The theory by which cholesterol causes random lateral movement of the molecules in the cell thereby not allowing the cell to become rigid is called • The non-rigidity model • The fluid-rigidity model • The fluid mosaic model • The rigidity mosaic model • None of the Above are Correct

29. Which of the following is the function of the mitochondria? • To give the cell shape • To control cellular function • To produce cellular energy • Digestion • Reproduction

30. What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? • To produce proteins • Processes, sorts and pack proteins • Production of RNA • Detoxify alcohol and hydrogen peroxidase • Fatty acid, phospholipid and steroid synthesis

31. Which of the following is NOT true of osmosis? • It is diffusion of water • It moves water from a higher to lower concentration of water. • It moves water to even out the concentration of solutes. • It moves water from a higher to lower concentration of solutes. • It is driven by thermal energy.

33. Cell to Cell Junctions • Utilize CAMs (Cell Adhering Molecules) • Tight Junctions • Anchoring Junctions • Desmosomes • Gap Junctions

34. Gap Junctions • Cylindrical proteins form channels • Can open and close • Electrical synapses • Rapid transfer of signals in cardiac & smooth muscle

35. Tight junctions • Complete barrier (brick wall) • Fusion of adjacent cell membranes via claudin and occludin • Found in • BBB • GI tract, kidneys Tight vs. leaky epithelium

36. Movement of substances across tight and leaky epithelia

37. Anchoring Junctions • Cell to cell or cell to CT matrix • Anchoring junctions (CAMs: cadherins) • Desmosomes • Adherens junctions • Cell matrix attachments(CAMs: integrins) • Hemidesmosomes • Spot desmosomes or focal adhesions In cancer: Loss of desmosomes  consequence?

38. Key Concepts Study of cell structure = ? Study of tissue structure = ? Study of how cells work = ? Cell anatomy Tissue types Tissue remodeling Organs