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Macromolecules in Organisms

Macromolecules in Organisms. There are four categories of large molecules in cells:. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Proteins. Nucleic Acids. Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates include: Small sugar molecules in soft drinks Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes. Monosaccharides:.

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Macromolecules in Organisms

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  1. Macromolecules in Organisms • There are four categories of large molecules in cells: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

  2. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates include: • Small sugar molecules in soft drinks • Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes

  3. Monosaccharides: • Called simple sugars Include glucose, fructose, & galactose Have the same chemical, but different structural formulas C6H12O6

  4. Rings • In aqueous (watery) solutions, monosaccharides form ring structures

  5. Disaccharides • A disaccharide is a double sugar They’re made by joining two monosaccharides Involves removing a water molecule (condensation)

  6. Polysaccharides • Complex carbohydrates Composed of many sugar monomers linked together Polymers of monosaccharide chains

  7. Sugars in Water • Simple sugars and double sugars dissolve readily in water WATER MOLECULE They are hydrophilic, or “water-loving” -OH groups make them water soluble SUGAR MOLECULE

  8. Lipids • Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing” Do NOT mix with water Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils FAT MOLECULE

  9. Function of Lipids • Fats store energy, help to insulate the body, and cushion and protect organs

  10. Lipids & Cell Membranes • Cell membranes are made of lipids called phospholipids • Phospholipids have a head that is polar & attract water (hydrophilic) • Phospholipids also have 2tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water (hydrophobic)

  11. Proteins • Proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders Proteins are used to build cells, act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work in a cell

  12. Four Types of Proteins Storage Structural Contractile Transport

  13. 20 Amino Acid Monomers

  14. Proteins as Enzymes • Many proteins act as biological catalysts or enzymes Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction

  15. Denaturating Proteins Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it no longer works Cooking denatures protein in eggs Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures

  16. Nucleic Acids • Store hereditary information Contain information for making all the body’s proteins Two types exist - DNA & RNA

  17. Nucleic Acids Nitrogenous base (A,G,C, or T) Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides Phosphate group Thymine (T) Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate Base Sugar Nucleotide

  18. Nucleotide – Nucleic acid monomer

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