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thinking about learning and memory. Memory? Types of memory, CNS regions, memory impairments Learning? Models for learning. Memory Processing. if attended. Short-term Memory (STM) Limited capacity (7 items) can use chunking Brief duration
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thinking about learning and memory • Memory? • Types of memory, CNS regions, memory impairments • Learning? • Models for learning
Memory Processing if attended
Short-term Memory (STM) • Limited capacity (7 items) • can use chunking • Brief duration • Can be lost without rehearsal or with interference
Memory Processing if attended
Short-term Memory (STM) • Limited capacity (7 items) • can use chunking • Brief duration • can be lost without rehearsal or with interference • Long-term Memory (LTM) • more permanent storage • Consolidation - Process by which rehearsal of information in STM results in transfer to LTM
Memory Processing retrieval if attended
Amnesia • Amnesia refers to a failure to remember • Anterograde amnesia - difficulty in forming new memories for events that occur after a brain trauma • Retrograde amnesia - inability to recall events that occurred prior to a trauma • Amnesia can be temporary or permanent
Hippocampal Damage and Amnesia • Severe anterograde amnesia follows bilateral damage to the hippocampus
H.M. • Surgery – 1953 for debilitating epilepsy • bilateral removal of hippocampus • consequences: • severe anterograde amnesia • short-term memory intact • long term memory prior to surgery intact • motor memories intact • medial temporal amnesia
Memory Processes • Declarative memory: memories available as facts, events, or specific stimuli • Nondeclarative memory: stimulus-response and motor memories that control behaviors at an unconscious level
Other CNS regions important for memory • Prefrontal Cortex- • memory deficits – planning, sequence of events • Cerebellum • motor memories
amygdala • part of the limbic system; emotional memories
some other ways that memory can be affected • Alzheimers disease • Hippocampus has many cholinergic neurons • basal forebrain – area specifically affected by AD • Korsakoff’s syndrome
some other ways that memory can be affected • Korsakoff’s syndrome • severe anterograde amnesia with elements of confabulation • consequence of chronic alcohol abuse • lesions in a number of brain structures including
some other ways that memory can be affected • ECS – electroconvulsive shock • State dependent memories (and state dependent learning)