Intelligence Counterintelligence

1. IntelligenceCounterintelligence

2. What is Intelligence? • Information • Activities • Organization

3. Scope of Intelligence • Government – national security • Range from peace time to war time intelligence • Type of government • Domestic Intelligence – depends on nature of regime • Business corporations – competitive advantage • Economics and Intelligence • Government-run economy • Economic well-being of nation • Non-traditions Intelligence • Environmental issues

4. Intelligence and Law Enforcement • Transnational threats: • Do not originate primarily from a foreign government • Serious threats for nation’s well-being • Fall within law enforcement rather than intelligence • Examples: narcotics trafficking, international terrorism • Law enforcement: waiting until a crime has been committed • Intelligence: collection of convincing evidence • Criminal investigation vs. criminal intelligence investigation • Punishment of a given criminal act or struggle with an organization engaged in criminal activity

5. Intelligence and Information Age • Increased amount of digital data • How to collect • How to analyze • Technology: dependency on computing technologies • Who is vulnerable?

6. Technology • Homeland Security News Wire reading: • Second NSA domestic surveillance scheme revealed: data mining from nine U.S. ISPs, 0/07/2013, http://www.homelandsecuritynewswire.com/dr20130607-second-nsa-domestic-surveillance-scheme-revealed-data-mining-from-nine-u-s-isps • Readings, PRISM and Boundless Informant: Is NSA Surveillance a Threat, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/06/13-prism-boundless-informant-nsa-surveillance-lempert

7. Intelligence and Information Age (cont.) • Globalization • Flow of information across borders • International trade • Division of labor • Increased travel • Increased penetration by news media

8. Information Specialist • Policy maker • Staff of policy maker • Intelligence analysts

9. Domestic Intelligence Reading • U.S. policymakers mull creation of domestic intelligence agency, http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/20/domestic.intelligence.agency/index.html , 2008 • US Gang Intelligence Agency, http://usgia.org/ • D. Priest and W. Arkin, Top Secret America, A Washington Post Investigation, http://projects.washingtonpost.com/top-secret-america/articles/monitoring-america/ , 2010 • F. Langfitt, In China, Beware: A Camera May Be Watching You, NPR News, http://www.npr.org/2013/01/29/170469038/in-china-beware-a-camera-may-be-watching-you

10. Domestic Surveillance • Surveillance of own citizens • Legislations • Circumstances permitting surveillance • Limits • Amount and kind of surveillance • U.S.: Constitutional law • Fourth Amendment: prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures (e.g., wiretap)

11. Criminal Standard • Scope of domestic intelligence: limited by the law • Mid 1970s: “…domestic intelligence investigations should be strictly limited to situations where a violation of the law has occurred or was about to occur.” (Silent Warfare)

12. Levi Guidelines • Edward Hirsch Levi (June 26, 1911 – March 7, 2000) • US Attorney General • 1976: issued a set of guidelines to limit the FBI activities, e.g., must show evidence of crime before wiretaps • Effects of surveillance: • Viewed as punishment • Creates a “chill” effect

13. Privacy Issues • Privacy issues: • Surveillance vs. other law enforcement investigations that do not target specific crimes, e.g., income tax audits, custom inspections • Modified Attorney General's Guideline, Electronic Privacy Information Center, http://epic.org/privacy/fbi/

14. Law Enforcement Wiretap • Federal Government and state governments are authorized to intercept wire and electronic communications • Court order • Probable cause of criminal activity • Only relevant information • Phone and room bugs, computer monitoring • Organized crime monitoring (drug trafficking, terrorist activities, etc.) • Legislations: • 1986: Electronic Communications Privacy Act, Title III. • 1978: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) -- Title III (Wiretap Statue) regulates ordinary law enforcement surveillance

15. FISA • 1978: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) • Regulates government’s collection of “foreign intelligence” for the purpose of counterintelligence • Electronic eavesdropping and wiretapping • Criminal investigators cannot use it to obtain warrants that cannot be obtained with normal court • Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court

16. FISA 2. • 1994: amended to physical entries in connection with “security” investigations • 1998: amended to permit pen/trap orders • FISA applications for search warrant: • Probable cause that the surveillance target is a foreign power or agent • Does not need to be criminal activity • 2001: Patriot Act extends FISA to cover terrorism suspect and agents of foreign countries

17. FISA 3 • 2008: FISA Amendments Act • ... Permits the Director of National Intelligence and the Attorney General to jointly authorize warrantless electronic surveillance • Protects telecommunications companies from lawsuits for past or future cooperation with federal law enforcement authorities … • On GovTrack, http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/hr6304#overview • 2012: FISA Amendments Act Reauthorization Act

18. Questions • Would surveillance act as deterrent? • Can (capabilities) government access critical information? • US citizens • Foreigners • What are the technical issues • Collecting and storing data • Processing technologies

19. Questions • Name an application/use of technology that represent new privacy risk? • Social networking • Twitter • … • Do we have counter technology?

20. Means of IntelligenceData collection

21. Means of Intelligence: Electromagnetic signals • Waves propagating through some medium • Air, water, copper wires, fiber optics, etc. • Frequencies (Hz): wave cycles per second • Bandwidth: difference between the lowest and highest frequencies • Electricity, radio spectrum, infrared, (visible) light, x-ray, etc. • Advantages/disadvantages • Low frequency: hard to jam • High frequency: larger bandwidth

22. Means of Intelligence: Signal Intelligence (SIGINT) • Operations that involves • Interception • Analysis of signals across electromagnetic spectrum. • Intelligence report, criminal investigations, employee monitoring • Digital signal processing • Communication intelligence (COMINT) • Electronic intelligence (ELINT) • Imagery intelligence (IMINT)

23. Snooper Insecure channel Recipient Sender Means of Intelligence: Eavesdropping Confidential Tools: microphone receivers, Tape recorder, phone “bugs”, scanners, Radio receivers, satellite receivers, spy satellites, Network sniffing, etc.

24. Means of Intelligence: Passive Attack • Access to confidential data and traffic pattern • Privacy rights • U.S. federal wiretap law • Illegal for an individual to eavesdrop intentionally on wire, oral or electronic communications • Home usage? Bug your phone? Hidden recorders? • Company monitoring? Computer vs. telephone? • Eavesdropping device: manufacture, sale, possess, advertise • Legal/illegal? • The Spy Factory

25. Means of Intelligence: Telephone Wiretap • Physical access • Gain: • Sensitive data (e.g., organizational secret, private information, etc.) • Disallowed information (e.g., law enforcement communications) • Federal wiretap restrictions • Individuals and organized crime wiretap • Cellular scanners • Cellular phone calls • 1994 – illegal in USA (import, manufacture, sale) • Homemade scanners? • Pager Intercept

26. Message Deciphers • Available encryption technology • Cryptanalysis • Technology • Brute force attack • Other means • Spy, social engineering, eavesdropping, keystroke monitoring, hacking, etc. • Release information  give our capabilities • National defense, tactical, ethical, etc.?

27. Interesting Read R. Paul, Security experts: NIST encryption standard may have NSA backdoor, Arstechnica11/17, 2007, http://arstechnica.com/security/2007/11/security-experts-nist-encryption-standard-may-have-nsa-backdoor/ K. Zetter, How a Crypto ‘Backdoor’ Pitted the Tech World Against the NSA, Wired, 09/24/2013, http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/09/nsa-backdoor/all/ Echelon, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECHELON

28. Counterintelligence • National Security • Nature of regime • Law

29. Goal of Counterintelligence • National Security • Kinds of threats • Information to be collected • Purpose served • Legislation • Democracy

30. Counterintelligence • Foreign intelligence guidelines: classified • Investigation of: • Illegal activities: detecting and preventing foreign espionage and terrorist activities • Legal activities: foreign legal political activities like fund-raising, organizational work, etc. • Domestic intelligence guidelines (“Levi Guidelines”): public • Investigation of groups that • hostile to government policies and fundamental principles • seeks to deprive some class of people • has violent approach to political change

31. Next Class Data Collection and Analysis Current research Preparation for discussions Find 1-2 relevant articles Additional reading is posted on class’ website