Modern Nationalism New class of Westernized intellectuals Admired Western culture

1. Chapter 25Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship: Africa, Asia, and Latin America from 1919 to 1939

2. Modern Nationalism • New class of Westernized intellectuals • Admired Western culture • Resented foreigners and their contempt for colonial people • Urban class • Religion and nationalism • Independence or modernization? • How to achieve independence • How to adopt modern Western ideas • Use of traditional values

3. Mohandas Gandhi and the Indian National Congress • Gopal Gokhale (1866-1915) • Indian National Congress, 1885 • Balwantrao Tilak (1856-1920) • Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) • South Africa • Satyagraha • Harijans • Amritsar • Salt March • Government of India Act, 1921 • Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) • Muslim League

4. Nationalist Revolt in the Middle East • Young Turks • Colonel Mustapha Kemal (1881-1938), Ataturk • Create a secular republic • Modernize the economy • Broke the power of the Islamic religion in Turkey • Modernization of Iran • Qajar dynasty (1794-1925) • Constitution granted in 1906 • Reza Khan (1878-1944) seizes power in 1921 • Pahlavi dynasty • Western-style education

5. Problem of Palestine • Wahhabi revolt • Mandates of the League of Nations • Iraq and Jordan assigned to Britain • Syria and Lebanon assigned to France • Palestine • Balfour Declaration, November 1917 • Ibn Saud (1880-1953)

6. The Northern Expedition 1. Revolutionary Marxism had its greatest impact on the industrial center of Shanghai where the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded in 1919. At the urging of Comintern agents, the CCP formed an alliance with the ruling Kuomintang Party (Nationalist) in 1923 to oppose the warlords and drive out foreign powers in China. Meanwhile, in Canton, the CCP was creating a communist led government within a government. Communist influence was spreading in the Kuomintang. In March 1926 Chiang Kai-Shek, who had succeeded to the head of the Kuomintang after Sun Yat-sen died in 1925, staged a coup d'etat at Canton ousting part of the CCP leadership. Chiang reaffirmed the Canton-Moscow alliance. 2. The Northern Expedition had been long in planning by Sun to smash the warlords and unify China. It was launched in July 1926. Preceded by trained propagandist, the army advanced rapidly and by the time it reached the Yangtze River had absorbed the armies of thirty-four warlords. In 1927 the Northern Expedition continued to press its successful take over of central China. This included movement down the Yangtze to seize the center of rice production and the industrial base around Shanghai. On April 12 Chiang's forces attacked the Communists and their supporters in Shanghai and killed thousands. Chaing then set up his own government in Nanjing. Another Nationalist Northern Expedition in 1928 occupied Peiking, renaming it Peiping (Beijing, "Northern Peace"). By the end of 1928 the nationalist government had received international recognition. 3. In response to these events, Mao Zedong led an insurrection in Hunan but it, like the revolt in Canton, failed. The CCP leadership that was not executed went underground or was forced into the countryside. 4. In late 1926 the Nationalist government moved from Canton to Wuhan. 5. After 1927 the CCP-Kuomintang alliance no longer existed and Chiang was determined to root the communists out of their base in Shanghai and their rural redoubt in Jianxi province. By 1931 they were drawn out of Shanghai. Three years later the communists were surrounded in Jianxi. Abandoning their base in October 1934, Mao Zedong's Young People's Liberation Army embarked on the Long March. Moving swiftly on foot at night over a period of one year and at distance of 6000 miles, the journey ended at Yunan. Only 10,000 arrived at the final destination. Questions: 1. What was the purpose of the Northern Expedition and what did it accomplish? 2. What was the Long March and why was it necessary? The Northern Expedition

7. Nationalism and Revolution in Asia and Africa • Lenin and anticolonialism • Comintern • Communist parties • Revolution in China • New Cultural Movement • Nationalist party of Sun Yat-sen • Chinese Communist party (CCP), 1921 • CCP-Nationalist alliance, 1923-1927 • Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) • Northern Expedition, 1926-1928 • Shanghai massacre, April 1927 • Nanjing Republic, 1928

8. Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-Tung; 1893-1976) • People’s Liberation Army • Long March, 1934-1935 • Creating a New China • New Life Movement • Failure of industrial development • Social change • Cultural Change • Calls for a new culture based on the modern West

9. Japan between the wars • Experiment in democracy • Genro • Kokutai • Taisho democracy • Marxist labor movements and ultranationalists • Zaibatsu economy • Financial clique • Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Yasuda • Dual economy • Shidehara diplomacy • Washington Conference, 1920 • Diplomatic and economic means to achieve objectives

10. Latin America • Economy and the United States • Foodstuffs and raw materials • Investments of the United States • Impact of the Great Depression • The Good Neighbor policy of Roosevelt • Import substitution • Authoritarianism • Argentina • Conservative oligarchy • Military intervention • Group of United Officers

11. Brazil • Coffee oligarchy • Getúlio Vargas (1883-1954) • New State, 1938-1945 • Military forces him out in 1945 • Mexico • Mexican Revolution • Lázaro Cárdenas , president 1936-1940 • Culture • Symbolism and Surrealism in art and literature • Diego Rivera (1886-1957)