Introduction to Solid Waste

1. Introduction to Solid Waste Prepared by Dr Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar PPKAS 2014

2. Objectives • Ability to define and differentiate sources of Solid and Hazardous Waste • Ability to identify composition of Solid and Hazardous Waste • Ability to differentiate the properties of Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste

16. Waste definition • “ any discarded solid, liquid or contained gas or material that we can no longer use” • “ solid waste arose from unusable residues in raw materials, leftovers, rejects and scraps from process operations. It is also regards to bring negative economic value and suggested it is cheaper to discard than use”

17. In the Malaysian Legislation, Waste has been defined as any matter prescribed to be scheduled waste, or any matter whether in a solid, semi-solid or liquid form, or in the form of gas or vapour which is emitted, discharged or deposited in the environment in such as volume, composition or manner as to cause pollution

18. Act 672 Solid Waste and Public Cleaning management Act 2007 • Solid waste include • Any scrap material or other unwanted surplus substances or rejects products arising from the application of any process. • Any substances required to be disposed of as being broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled. • Any other material that according to this Act or any other written law is required by the authority to be disposed of.

19. Source: National Solid Waste Management Department/JPSPN (2013)

20. 2007 2011

21. ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE SERVICES Solid waste management services means : • Separation • Storage • Collection • Transportation • Transfer • Processing • Recycling • Treatment • Disposal of controlled solid waste

22. WASTE GENERATION • Those activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposal • ON-SITE HANDLING, STORAGE AND PROCESSING • Those activities associated with the handling, storage and processing of solid wastes at or near the point of generation • COLLECTION • those activities associate with the gathering of solid wastes and the hauling of wastes after collection to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied.

23. TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT • Those activities associate with • the transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and 2) the subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long distance, to the disposal site. • PROCESSING AND RECOVERY • Those techniques, equipment, and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of the other functional elements and to recover usable materials, conversion products or energy from solid wastes. • DISPOSAL • Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes, including those wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site, semisolid wastes (sludge) from wastewater treatment plants, incinerator residue, compost or their substances from the various solid waste processing plants that are no further use.

25. Properties of solid waste • Important in evaluating alternative equipment needs, systems and management programs and plan • Three properties of importance is i. Physical ii. Chemical iii. Biological

26. Physical properties • Identification of individual components • Analysis of particle size • Moisture content • Field Capacity

27. INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS • Typically make up the most municipal wastes • Usually consist of food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, rubber, leather, yard wastes, glass, tin cans, non ferrous metals, ferrous metals • The list are adequate for the characterization of solid wastes for most applications • PARTICLE SIZE AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION • Size of particle are important in the recovery of materials especially with the mechanical means such as trommel screens and magnetic separators

28. MOISTURE CONTENT • Is expressed as the mass of moisture per unit mass of wet or dry material • Wet mass method of measurement, the moisture in a sample is expressed as a percentage of the wet mass of the material • Dry mass method of measurement, the moisture in a sample is expressed as a percentage of the dry mass of the material

29. Moisture content (%) = (a-b) * 100 a where, a = initial mass of sample as delivered b = mass of sample after drying

30. Typical data on moisture content

31. Field capacity • The field capacity of solid waste is the total amount of moisture that can be retained in a waste sample subject to the downward pull of gravity • The field capacity of waste materials is of critical importance in determining the formation of leachate in landfills

32. Chemical properties • Find the chemical formula of wastes by using ultimate analysis • Energy content of wastes • Approximate analysis

33. Biological properties • Excluding plastic, rubber and leather components, the organic fraction of most waste can be classified as: • Water soluble constituents such as sugars, starches, amino acids and various organic acids • Hemicellulose, a condensation product of five or six carbon sugars • Cellulose, a condensation of six carbon sugar cellulose • Fats, waxes, oil which are eters of alcohols and long chain fatty acids • Lignin, a polymeric material containing methoxy group (-OCH3) • Lignocellulose, a combination of lignin and cellulose • Proteins which are composed of chains of amino acids

34. The most important biological characteristics of the organic fraction of MSW is that all of the organic components can be converted biologically to gases and relatively inert organic and inorganic solids

35. Wastes could be designated by generator type, i.e. the source or industry generates the waste stream (Pictel, 2005). • Municipal waste • Hazardous waste • Industrial waste • Medical waste • Universal waste • Construction and demolition waste • Radioactive waste • Mining waste • Agricultural waste

36.  Act 672 - Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007