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INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY

INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY. 1. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CENTRAL HEATING DISTRICT HEATING MECHANICAL VENTILATION MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20 TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY. CENTRAL HEATING:

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INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY

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  1. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 1 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY • CENTRAL HEATING: • THE HEATING OF A NUMBER OF ROOMS IN A BUILDING WITH A SINGLE HEAT SOURCE. • THREE TYPES: WARM AIR, STEAM, & HOT WATER. • IN 1691, JOHN EVELYN PROPOSED MOVING THE STOVE OUTSIDE THE ROOMS TO BE HEATED AND ALLOWING AIR WARMED BY THE STOVE TO BE SUPPLIED TO THE ROOMS. JOHN EVELYN, PROPOSAL FOR A GREENHOUSE HEATED BY A HOT AIR FURNACE, 1691

  2. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 2 • WARM AIR CENTRAL HEATING: • WILLIAM STRUT WAS A MILL OWNER FROM THE BRITISH MIDLANDS. • DERBY MILL & INFIRMARY WAS THE FIRST LARGE SCALE APPLICATION OF WARM-AIR CENTRAL HEATING. • AT THE CENTER OF THE INFIRMARY HEATING SYSTEM WAS A LARGE “COCKLE STOVE,” ACTUALLY A FURNACE IN TODAY’S TERMINOLOGY. • AIR WAS BROUGHT TO THIS STOVE THROUGH AN UNDERGROUND PASSAGE 70 YARDS LONG AND FOUR FEET IN SECTION. THIS PASSAGE USED THE NATURALLY MODERATE UNDERGROUND TEMPERATURES TO PREHEAT THE AIR IN WINTER & COOL IT IN SUMMER. • THE AIR WAS FURTHER HEATED IF NECESSARY, AND ALLOWED TO FLOW UP INTO THE BUILDING THROUGH A GREAT MASONRY DUCT NEAR THE CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE. • IN THIS “GRAVITY” SYSTEM, THE AIR MOVED SOLELY BECAUSE OF THE REDUCED DENSITY OF THE WARMER AIR, AND VENTILATION WAS ACHIEVED AT THE SAME TIME AS HEATING. • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY WILLIAM STRUTT, DERBY MILL & INFIRMARY, 1792

  3. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 3 • STEAM CENTRAL HEATING: • JAMES WATT MADE AN ATTEMPT AT CENTRAL HEATING IN 1784 TO WARM HIS HOUSE AND OFFICE BY STEAM . • MATTHEW BOULTON & JAMES WATT PRODUCED ONE OF THE FIRST LARGE SCALE STEAM HEATING OPERATIONS AT TWIST MILL IN SALFORD FOR GEORGE LEE. • TWIST MILL WAS A SEVEN-STORY STRUCTURE WHICH USED THE HOLLOW IRON BEARING COLUMNS TO CARRY THE STEAM. • NEIL SNODGRASS USED A SIMILAR SCHEME AT THE DORNOCH MILL IN SCOTLAND. • AT DORNOCH THE BOILER IS PLACED OUTSIDE THE MAIN MILL ROOM PRODUCING STEAM WHICH WAS CARRIED BY A PIPE THROUGH AN END WALL INTO THE ROOM, THEN UP VERTICAL TUBES PLACED NEAR THE WALL. CONDENSATION SIMPLY RAN DOWN OUTSIDE THE SAME TUBES. • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY NEIL SNODGRASS, DORNOCH MILL, SCOTLAND, 1799

  4. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 4 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY BONNEMAIN, CHICKEN INCUBATOR, 1770

  5. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 5 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY • HOT WATER CENTRAL HEATING: • IN 1830, JOSEPH BRAMAH HEATED WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL USING A HOT WATER SYSTEM. • JACOB PERKINS, AN AMERICAN ENGINEER RESIDING IN LONDON, INVENTED THE HIGH PRESSURE HOT WATER SYSTEM. • THE FIRST PATENTS FOR THIS SYSTEM WERE TAKEN OUT IN 1831, AND THE FIRST INSTALLATIONS WERE MADE IN 1832. • EARLY APPLICATION S WERE THE BRITISH MUSEUM, THE SOANE MUSEUM, AND THE GUILDHALL. • WHEN THE HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM WAS FIRST INTRODUCED, MANY FIRES OCCURRED IN CONSEQUENCE OF THE HOT PIPES. JOSEPH BRAMAH, WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL, 1830

  6. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 6 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY JACOB PERKINS, SOANE MUSEUM, 1832.

  7. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 7 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY • RADIATOR: • IN 1858, THOS. F. TASKER OF PHILADELPHIA INVENTED THE FIRST RADIATOR. • WROUGHT IRON TUBES WERE FITTED TOGETHER WITH FLANGED JOINTS, AND HELD IN PLACE BY LONG BOLTS PASSING THROUGH THE SECTIONS. N. H. BUNDY, CAST IRON RADIATOR

  8. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 8 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY TASKER, FIRST RADIATOR, 1858

  9. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 9 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, MEYER MAY HOUSE, GRAND RAPIDS, MI, 1909

  10. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 10 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY WALKER, PROPOSAL FOR DISTRICT HEATING, 1850

  11. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 11 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY • DISTRICT HEATING: • HEATING MULTIPLE BUILDINGS WITH A SINGLE HEAT SOURCE. • IN 1850, WALKER SUGGESTED THE POSSIBILITY OF A DISTRICT PLENUM HEATING SYSTEM FOR A ROW OF COTTAGES NEAR A FACTORY. • FIRST APPLICATION OF DISTRICT HEATING WAS BY BIRDSILL HOLLY IN A DISTRICT HEATING PLANT IN LOCKPORT, NEW YORK IN 1877. BIRDSILL HOLLY

  12. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 12 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY JOHN DESAGULIERS, PADDLE WHEEL FAN, 1734

  13. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 13 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY • MECHANICAL VENTILATION: • VENTILATION PROVIDED THROUGH MACHINE POWER. • CREATED BY COMBINING TWO EXISTING INVENTIONS: THE PADDLE WHEEL FAN AND THE STEAM ENGINE. JAMES WATT, STEAM ENGINE, 1765

  14. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 14 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY ST. GEORGE’S HALL WAS THE FIRST SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF MECHANICALLY POWERED VENTILATION. REID USED FOUR LARGE STEAM-DRIVEN FANS TO FORCE AIR, FILTERED AND WARMED ACCORDING TO NEED, INTO A PLENUM UNDER THE HALL. DR. DAVID BOSWELL REID, ST. GEORGE’S HALL, LIVERPOOL, 1841-1854

  15. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 15 • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION: • COOLING A BUILDING BY MEANS OF A MEANS OF A REFRIGERATION MACHINE. • FIRST DEMONSTRATION OF THE MAN-MADE PRODUCTION OF COLD WAS BY WILLIAM CULLEN IN SCOTLAND IN 1748. • DURING THE 18TH & 19TH CENTURIES BUILDINGS WERE COOLED WITH ICE. • IN 1834, JACOB PERKINS OBTAINED A BRITISH PATENT FOR A CLOSED CYCLE VOLATILE LIQUID COMPRESSOR & CONDENSER. • IN 1844, DR. JOHN GORRIE INVENTED AN ICE MAKING MACHINE TO TREAT HIS FEVER PATIENTS. • IN 1902, WILLIS CARRIER USED MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION TO COOL THE SACKET-WILHELMS LITHOGRAPHING & PRINTING PLANT. • BY 1940 MECHANICAL COOLING WAS USED IN THEATERS, DEPARTMENT STORES, RESTAURANTS, HOTELS & HOSPITALS. • BY 1950 MECHANICAL COOLING WAS A COMMON PRACTICE IN OFFICE BUILDINGS & SMALL STORES. • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY

  16. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 16 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY ICE HARVESTING

  17. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 17 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY ICE MAKING MACHINE, JACOB PERKINS

  18. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 18 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY DR. JOHN GORRIE, ICE MAKING MACHINE, APALACHICOLA, FL, 1844

  19. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 19 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY BEATH & MARTIN, REFRIGERATION MACHINE, 1870’S

  20. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 20 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY WILLIS CARRIER, SACKETT-WILHEMS LITHOGRAPHY & PRINTING COMPANY, 1902.

  21. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 21 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY COOLING OF MOVIE THEATERS, DEPARTMENT STORES, RESTAURANTS, HOTELS, AND HOSPITALS BY 1940

  22. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 22 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • CENTRAL HEATING • DISTRICT HEATING • MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY • MECHANICAL COOLING: • BY 1950 COOLING OF OFFICE BUILDINGS, SMALL STORES, AND HOMES SOUTH OF THE 40TH PARALLEL WAS COMMON PLACE.

  23. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 23 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, LONDON & OPERA HOUSE, PARIS

  24. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 24 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY • COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES • LARGER AREAS OF GLASS • LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS • RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, MEYER MAY HOUSE, GRAND RAPIDS, MI, 1909

  25. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 25 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY • COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES • LARGER AREAS OF GLASS • LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS • RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY JOSEPH PAXTON,CRYSTAL PALACE, LONDON, ENGLAND, 1851

  26. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 26 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY • COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES • LARGER AREAS OF GLASS • LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS • RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY WALTER GROPIUS, BAUHAUS BUILDING, DESSAU, GERMANY, 1926

  27. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 27 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY • COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES • LARGER AREAS OF GLASS • LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS • RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY WALTER GROPIUS, BAUHAUS BUILDING, DESSAU, GERMANY, 1926

  28. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 28 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY • COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES • LARGER AREAS OF GLASS • LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS • RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY JEAN-JACQUES-MARIE HUVE,THE MADELEINE, PARIS, 1825-45

  29. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 29 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY • COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES • LARGER AREAS OF GLASS • LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS • RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY HELMUT JAHN OF C.F. MURPHY ASSOCIATES, BARTLE EXHIBITION HALL, KANSAS CITY CONVENTION CENTER, MISSOURI, 1976

  30. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 30 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY • COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES • LARGER AREAS OF GLASS • LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS • RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, SEAGRAM BUILDING, NEW YORK, NY, 1954-58

  31. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 31 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY • COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES • LARGER AREAS OF GLASS • LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS • RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, FARNSWORTH HOUSE, PLANO, IL 1950

  32. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 32 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY • COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES • LARGER AREAS OF GLASS • LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS • RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, FARNSWORTH HOUSE, PLANO, IL 1950

  33. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 33 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY • COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES • LARGER AREAS OF GLASS • LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS • RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, FARNSWORTH HOUSE, PLANO, IL 1950

  34. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 34 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY • COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES • LARGER AREAS OF GLASS • LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS • RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, FARNSWORTH HOUSE, PLANO, IL 1950

  35. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 35 • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY • COMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES • LARGER AREAS OF GLASS • LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS • RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY • RENEWED INTEREST IN PASSIVE SOLUTIONS COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY PASSIVE APPROACHES

  36. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 36 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY CANNON DESIGN, HOOKER CHEMICAL, NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK, 1982

  37. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 37 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY CANNON DESIGN, HOOKER CHEMICAL, NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK, 1982

  38. INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY 38 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENGINEERING PROFESSION IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY CANNON DESIGN, HOOKER CHEMICAL, NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK, 1982

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