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Industrial Revolution. What is it?. A time period where major changes occurred in several aspects of life…. Agriculture Manufacturing Mining Transportation Technology. When did it start?. The Industrial Revolution took place in the late 18 th and early 19 th century.
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What is it? • A time period where major changes occurred in several aspects of life…. • Agriculture • Manufacturing • Mining • Transportation • Technology
When did it start? • The Industrial Revolution took place in the late 18th and early 19th century. • It is believed by many historians that the Revolution officially began around the 1760s but wasn’t fully felt to around the 1830s.
Where did it begin? • It began in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan, and eventually the world.
Industrial Revolution • Some of the most important changes that brought about the Industrial Revolution included: • (1) the invention of machines to do the work of hand tools. • (2) the use of steam, and later of other kinds of power, in place of the muscles of human beings and of animals. • (3) the adoption of the factory system.
Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. • Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth.
Industrial Revolution • In the two centuries following 1800, the world's average per capita income increased over tenfold, while the world's population increased over sixfold. • Why would these factors increase income and population?
Industrial Revolution • Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labor and draft-animal–based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. • What are draft animals?
Industrial Revolution • It started with the mechanization of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. • How might this increase in technology affect the way people across the world lived?
Textiles • The textile industry is primarily concerned with the production of yarn, and cloth and the subsequent design or manufacture of clothing and their distribution. • The raw material may be natural, or synthetic using products of the chemical industry. Most were raw at this time.
Industrial Revolution • With the transition away from an agricultural-based economy and towards machine-based manufacturing came a greatinflux of population from the countryside and into the towns and cities, which swelled in population.
What if… • It is almost impossible to imagine what the world would be like if the effects of the Industrial Revolution were swept away. • Electric lights would go out. Automobiles and airplanes would vanish. Telephones, radios, and television would disappear.
What if… • Most of the abundant stocks on the shelves of department stores would be gone. The children of the poor would have little or no schooling and would work from dawn to dark on the farm or in the home. • Before machines were invented, work by children as well as by adults was needed in order to provide enough food, clothing, and shelter for all.
Agriculture • The invention of machinery played a big part in driving forward the British Agricultural Revolution. • Agricultural improvement began in the centuries before the Industrial revolution got going and it may have played a part in freeing up labor from the land to work in the new industrial mills of the 18th century.
Agriculture • As the revolution in industry progressed a succession of machines became available which increased food production with ever fewer laborers.
JethroTull • JethroTull’s seed drill invented in 1701 was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds efficiently across a plot of land.
Joseph Foljambe • Joseph Foljambe'sRotherham Plough of 1730, was the first commercially successful iron plough.
Andrew Meikles • Andrew Meikles threshing machine of 1784.
Changes in Land Use • Traditionally small farmers had three fields to grow crops. • Two were planted each year and the third was rested (kept fallow) in order to restore its fertility. • Charles Townshend, an English noble, presented a new idea.
Charles Townshend • He argued that resting fields would be just as fertile if certain crops, such as turnips or clover, were planted on it. • Turnips or clover returned to the soil those nutrients used up by wheat or barley.
Charles Townshend • Turnips or clover could also be stored to provide food for farm animals in the winter. • If the animals could be fed easily most of them would not have to be killed each fall. Meat and milk would be available year-round.
The Reaper • In the mid-1800s new inventions speeded up the harvesting of grain in the United States, Britain, and elsewhere. • The reaper, invented by Cyrus McCormick, was one of the most important of laborsaving devices. • It was first used in 1831.
Changes in Land Use • With the new machines, a few workers could now take care of larger farms and produce more grain. • The increase in food production occurred at a time when the population was increasing and more people were seeking work in factories and in the growing cities.
Changes in Manufacturing • Great Britain had long been a center for the weaving of wool cloth. • In the 1700s, after India had been acquired as a colony, the British became interested in the cotton cloth produced in India. • The British decided to make cotton cloth at home.
Flying Shuttle • In 1733, John Kay invented the flying shuttle. • The shuttle made it possible for one person, instead of two, to operate a weaving loom. • More cloth could be woven in less time. This caused a demand for more thread.
Manufacturing • In 1764, James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny. • This machine spun thread eight times faster than the old spinning wheel. • A water-powered spinning machine was created in 1769.
Manufacturing • The major supplier of raw cotton for Britain’s weavers was the United States. • The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 allowed cotton to become the leading export of the southern United States.
Changes in Manufacturing • At first, factories had to be located beside fast-running rivers or other bodies of water. • Falling water was used to power the machines. • James Watt improved the steam engine in the late 1700s and factories switched to burning coal to obtain power.
Changes in Manufacturing • Coal heated water to produce steam. Steam drove the engine. • The steam engine made it possible for factories to be located anywhere. • Usually they were built near towns. • Coal mining became an important industry in Britain.
The Factory System • The factory system was a method of manufacturing first adopted in Britain at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1750s and later spread abroad
The Factory System • Each worker performed a separate operation on the work, thus increasing the efficiency of production. • Men, women, and children, as young as five, worked in factories. • They worked during daylight hours, six days a week.
Working Conditions • No work meant no pay • No government agencies that helped with unemployment. • Wages were very low. • Worker’s lives were regulated by the rules of the factory owner or manager. • Families lived in one or two bedroom homes because rent was so high.
Interchangeable Parts • To turn out products that contained many parts, manufacturers decided that the same parts should all be alike. • The use of interchangeable parts was introduced in 1800. • This helped introduce the mass-production system. • Factories began turning out great quantities of items.
Assembly Line • In the 20th century, the automobile industry altered the mass-production system through the introduction of the assembly line. • Each worker attached a standardized part to the car being assembled. • By the end of the line a completed car was created. • Henry Ford introduced this to the United States in 1908.
Transportation • Until the 1800s a person could only travel as fast as a horse could go, a boat could be paddled or sailed, or his or her legs could move. • Steamboats • Railroads • Automobiles • Airplanes
Steamboats • The era of the steamboat began in America in 1787 when John Fitch made the first successful trial of a forty-five-foot steamboat on the Delaware River on August 22, 1787.
Steamboats • John Fitch was granted his first United States patent for a steamboat on August 26, 1791. However, he was granted his patent only after a battle with James Rumsey over claims to the same invention. Both men had similar designs.
Steamboats • Robert Fulton (1765-1815) built his first boat after Fitch's death, and it was Fulton who became known as the "father of steam navigation.“ • Robert Fulton, who successfully built and operated a submarine (in France) in 1801, before turning his talents to the steamboat. Robert Fulton was accredited with turning the steamboat into a commercial success. On August 7, 1807.
Steamboats • Robert Fulton's Clermont went from New York City to Albany making history with a 150-mile trip taking 32 hours at an average speed of about 5 miles-per-hour. • It required a sailboat 96 hrs to make this voyage.
Railroads • George Stephenson of England demonstrated the first successful railroad locomotive in 1814 • Soon railroad tracks crisscrossed Europe and the United States. • Railroads were essential to the success of the Industrial Revolution.
