The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution The Age of Steam

2. What was the Industrial Revolution? • Was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in • agriculture, • manufacturing, • mining, • transport, and • technology • It had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world.

3. Why did the Industrial Revolution get stated? The prelude

4. Population Explosion • The following items were no less an issue in England than at any other point in history: • Famine • War • Disease • Further England had also • Stricter quarantine measures • The elimination of the black rat

5. Smallpox • A disease that killed on average 1 in 3 people who came down with it. • It killed on average 400 000 Europeans every year • The English physician Edward Jenner demonstrated the effectiveness of cowpox to protect humans from smallpox in 1796

6. Enclosures • Before enclosure, much of the arable land in the central region of England was organised into an open field system. • Prior to enclosure, rights to use the land were shared between land owners and villagers (commoners).

7. Enclosures • Enclosure was not simply the fencing of existing holdings, but led to fundamental changes in agricultural practice. • Scattered holdings of strips in the common field were consolidated to create individual farms that could be managed independently of other holdings.

8. Farming Practices • In addition to the enclosure system there were a number of different changes to farming in England, including: • Invention of various farm equipment • Four field system • Selective breading of farm animals Seed Drill invented by JethroTull

9. 4 Field System Using this system, it was found that one could grow more crops and get a better yield from the land. If a crop was not rotated, then the nutrient level in the field would go down with time. The yield of the crop from the field decreased. Using the four field system, the land could not only be "rested", but also could be improved by growing other crops. Year 1 Year 2 Year 4 Year 3

10. Selective Breeding

11. Scientific Revolution • The scientific revolution was born from the rediscovered ideas of Greek philosophers and would bring forward new ways of thinking started in the late 1500s • The application of these new ideas and ways of thinking would lead directly to the industrial revolution • Some of the areas of change include: • Astronomy • Scientific Methods • Political Science

12. Astronomy • Tycho Brahe is considered to have pioneered modern astronomy • Believed that novas and comets were further away than the planets • Believed that planets moved independently moving astronomy more towards the modern physics system we know

13. Astronomy • Johannes Kepler who couldn’t see well or use his hands fully would use Brahe’s ideas to develop laws about planetary motion • He is the man that said the planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun

14. Astronomy • Galileo Galilei is the first astronomer mentioned here to actually use a telescope • In 1632 Galileo would use what he saw and published his findings that the planets did in fact travel around the sun • This would get him sentenced to a life of house arrest by the Catholic Church • Galileo was not just an astronomer he was also an engineer, mathematician, artist and musician • Galileo also timed the rate of differently weighted balls down an incline showing that weight doesn’t affect the rate they fall

15. Scientific Method • Francis Bacon argued for starting with an observed or demonstrated specific to a general principle • William Harvey would discover the circulation of blood • Carl Linne would classify the plant and animal world for the first time • Robert Bakewell used science for the breeding of larger and stronger farm animals

16. Scientific Method • Sir Isaac Newton is known for several advancements including: • The scientific method • Law of gravity • Invention of calculus

17. Political Science • As we have discussed earlier in this class there are several key debates in the area of politics that would impact the industrial revolution: • Hobbes vs Locke • Smith vs Marx

18. How the world changed The industrial revolution

19. Flying Shuttle • Invented by John Kay in 1733 • Allowed a weaver to create larger weaves of fabric • The resulting increased production drove development of improved spinning machines for more thread • It transformed the textile industry in England and then the world • Interestingly it is still used in some situations today

20. Power Loom • Invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785 • Took Kay’s flying shuttle and attempted to automate it first with water power and then steam power • It wouldn’t be until the 1830s that a truly practical version would be created

21. James Watt Steam Engine • Steam engines used to pump water out of mines in England existed when James Watt was born. • Watt, however, is credited with inventing the first practical engine. • Watt was asked to repair a model of a Newcomen’s steam engine • In doing so he realized that it needed a separate condenser

22. James Watt Steam Engine • Watt would partner with Matthew Boulton to sell his engine to a variety of different types of organizations • Watt’s steam engine would be the thing that would drive the industrial revolution

23. Steam Locomotive • The earliest railways employed horses to draw carts along railway tracks • The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by Richard Trevithick in the United Kingdom and, on 21 February 1804, the world's first railway journey took place

24. Steam Locomotive • In September, 1825, the Stockton & Darlington Railroad Company began as the first railroad to carry both goods and passengers on regular schedules using locomotives it pulled six loaded coal cars and 21 passenger cars with 450 passengers over 9 miles in about one hour.

25. Other Steam Transportation • Steam Ships • Engineer Robert Fourness is said to have had a steamboat running between Hull and Beverley • The first commercially successful steamboat in Europe, Henry Bell's Comet of 1812, started a rapid expansion of steam services

26. Factories • Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. • Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. • Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor. • Only 10% of English industry in 1850.

27. Factory System • Rigid schedule. • 12-14 hour day. • Dangerous conditions. • Mind-numbing monotony. Chaplin Video Clip

28. Factory System

29. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

30. Factory Working Conditions • Factories were often hot, in part due to the use of steam engines • Workers, particularly children, were often exposed to the dangerous moving parts • It wasn’t uncommon for people to work 12 hour shifts

31. Response to Factory Conditions • Factory Acts • A response to the poor conditions for children • Children younger than nine were not allowed to work, • Children were not permitted to work at night, • The work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours

32. Response to Factory Conditions • Luddites • Many such unemployed workers, weavers and others, turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery. • These attackers became known as Luddites, supposedly followers of Ned Ludd, a folklore figure.

33. Response to Factory Conditions • Trade Unions • The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating the organisation of trade unions to help advance the interests of working people. • In Britain, the Combination Act 1799 forbade workers to form any kind of trade union until its repeal in 1824.

34. Response to Factory Conditions • The Chartists • The first large scale organised working class political movement which campaigned for political equality and social justice. • Its Charter of reforms received over three million signatures but was rejected by Parliament without consideration.

35. Response to Factory Conditions • The Chartists • Their document was a “People's Charter.” This document called for: • voting by ballot • universal male suffrage • annual parliaments • equal electoral districts • no property qualifications for members of Parliament

36. Steam powers the world Impact of the industrial revolution

37. Impact • Beyond what has already been discussed the following are some of the impacts of the industrial revolution: • Life expectancy increased as food supplies improved and disease diminished • Urbanization – we see a great move of people to cities

38. Impact • Middle Class – prior to the industrial revolution there was only a small middle class but it grew rapidly in numbers, wealth and power • Politics – you begin to see the start of the universal vote (for men only)

39. Impact • The industrial revolution would also lead to men of the horrors the world would see during world war I

40. The End Are we in the middle of the Information Revolution?