Classification

1. Classification Chapter 18

2. Bio 112 Six Kingdoms Assignment: Due date:______________________________ Value: 80 points total • Possible Formats: Poster display, Powerpoint (printed copy), Scrap book, video, other (get approval first) • Information to be included/displayed (For each kingdom): • 1) Domain to which the kingdom belongs (3 pts) • 2) Type of cell that organisms in the kingdom have (3 pts) • 3) Indicate presence/ absence of cell walls and chloroplasts and describe the composition of cell wall if present (3 pts) • 4) Number of cells that organisms in the kingdom have (3 pts) • 5) Mode of nutrition (Heterotroph or autotroph) (3 pts) • 6) Three other distinguishing facts or characteristics of members in the kingdom (18 pts) • 7) Colored visuals (pictures, drawings, samples etc) of at least five organisms which belong to the kingdom (the more diversity you can show, the better). Three visuals each for the bacteria kingdoms is adequate. (26 points) • 8) Glossary of terms: (10 points) • a) eukaryote, b) prokaryote, c) peptidoglycan, d) chitin, e) cellulose, f) unicellular, g) multicellular, h) colonial, i) autotroph, j) heterotroph, k) any other appropriate scientific terms which you may be including as a result of your research • 9) Neatness, creativity and sources of information (11 points)

3. Classify: To name, and put things into groups, based on similarities. Done to better understand, communicate, study, organisms in a logical way. About 1.5 million different species classified so far. Classification systems have changed over time. Scientists do not always agree on how things should be classified.

4. Species: A population of organisms that share similar characteristics and can breed with each other. Some exceptions?: Mules (and Hinnies) But “Cabbits” are not real! Ligers (and Tigons)

5. The science of classifying living things is taxonomy. Over 2000 years ago, Aristotle classified organisms into two large groups-plants and animals. Organisms were given common names, making it difficult for scientists to communicate information. Ex: mountain lion is also called a puma, a cougar, or a panther depending on where you are in the world. Mountain Lion Puma Cougar Panther

6. Carolus Linnaeus: Swedish Botanist (1700’s) Improved upon existing classification systems by developing binomial nomenclature- we still use it The rules: a) Scientific names are in Latin (dead language) b) written in italics c) first word capitalized, second is lower case (Ex: Homo sapiens (humans), Felis domesticus (cat) First part of name is the genus of the organism, second part is the species. • Genus: A group of related species

7. Linnaeus’ 7 Taxons (levels): Kingdom (Most general/inclusive many organisms) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (Most specific  only one kind of organism) *The system is hierarchical

8. A Hierarchy consists of levels: • Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family Genus  Species • The taxons are a hierarchy of levels from the general to the specific in the same way as: • North America  Canada  NB  Oromocto OHS  2nd floor  Room 275 • (North America is many places, room 275 is one specific place)

9. Mnemonics for Taxons: • Kissing Produces Colds Or Flus, Generally Speaking • King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup • Keep Personal Computer On For Great Surfing  Carl Linnaeus, the “Father of Taxonomy”

10. See diagram on page 450: Kingdom = many organisms, Species = only one

11. Changing the Classification System: See chart on page 458 Linnaeus identified just two kingdoms-now have six. Now, scientists also refer to an additional taxon (level) above kingdom, called the “Domain”. Domains: a) Eukarya, b) Bacteria and c) Archaea Questions: Page 461: #’s 1-6

12. Classification activity: • Classifying zip-lock bags of random objects • With a partner, create a classification tree to organize the objects in a logical way. • I will help get you started.

13. Using Dichotomous Keys: • See page 462 example • Try to name the plants/leaves shown.

14. Pasta classification: • Using examples we did in class as a guide, create a classification tree diagram, or a dichotomous key to organize and identify the different pastas. • Create a rough copy first, then transfer your good copy to chart paper provided. • Glue samples of the pasta onto the chart where the name is given. • Use proper scientific naming rules (create your own names). Be neat + logical in your creations! *Grade value: 20 points *Entertainment value: priceless

15. Classification Quiz: 1. Why do scientists classify organisms? 2. About how many species have been classified so far? 3. How do scientists define a species? 4. What is the name of the branch of biology that deals with classifying living things? 5. Over 2000 years ago, which scientist first classified living things into just two groups? 6. What were the two groups into which he placed all life? 7. Why don’t scientists use common names for organisms? 8. What can you tell me about Carl Linnaeus? 9. What are the rules for naming living things scientifically? 10. Give an example of a scientific name for a living thing. 11. What are the 7 levels of classification (in order) that are most commonly used and that were developed by Linnaeus? 12. What are the six kingdoms of life?

16. Modern Evolutionary Classification: Scientists in the past (including Linnaeus) would group organisms mainly based on visible similarities (physical characteristics). These days, scientists also classify based on phylogeny. Phylogeny = evolutionary history/relationships.

17. Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny?

18. Convergent evolution: Just because organisms may look very similar, does not mean that they are closely related. Organisms of very different ancestry who live in similar environments may develop similar structures (bodies) through evolution (natural selection). See page 451-452, crabs, barnacles and limpets…

19. Dolphins and whales? Both are more closely related to humans, cows and other mammals than any fish. They look more closely related to fish because they have evolved to live in the oceans. Vestigial (“left over”) hind leg bones

20. Cladograms and derived characters: Cladogram= an evolutionary tree based on new characteristics that appear over time. Derived characters = new characteristics that appear and are not present in older members of a lineage. Ex: animals developing a backbone, legs, hair These can help us classify… See example on page 453.

21. Using DNA and RNA to classify: Organisms which look nothing alike can be shown to be related based on their genes. Ex: humans share a gene in common with yeast; evidence of a distant common ancestry. More similar DNA = more closely related organisms. More differences = more evolutionary separation. Humans and chimps have more than 99% common DNA!

22. Molecular clocks: Using DNA to similarities and differences to show the passage of evolutionary time. More differences = more time Changes in specific genes (DNA) happen at a fairly predictable rate. (See page 455) Human genome project studying our migrations etc

23. Review questions assignment: • Page 465: #’s 1-20 • And • Page 467: #’s 1-8