Latinos in the Southwest Chapters 10-18

1. Latinos in the Southwest Chapters 10-18 David Hinds

2. Vocabulary • Creoles- a social class made up of locally born people of pure or mostly Spanish ancestry. • Viceroy- a royal official who runs a country, colony, or province (or state) in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. • Adelantado-a military title held by some Spanish conquistadores of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. • Cabildo- a former Spanish, colonial administrative council that governed a municipality. • Intendente- refers to the holder of a public administrative office.

3. Vocabulary (cont.) • Ethnocentric- The tendency to believe that one's ethnic or cultural group is centrally important, and that all other groups are measured in relation to one's own. • Annexation- The formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation. • Empresario- A person who, in the early years of the settlement of Texas, had been granted the right to settle on Mexican land in exchange for recruiting and taking responsibility for new settlers. • Tejano- A term used to identify a Texan of Mexican and/or Latin-American descent. • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- is the peace treatythat ended the Mexican-American War

4. Vocabulary (cont.) • Union Army- the land force that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. • Confederate Army- the Army of the Confederate States of America during its brief existence between its establishment in February 1861 and its dissolution. • Hispanic- Spanish American: an American whose first language is Spanish • Admiral- the supreme commander of a fleet; ranks above a vice admiral and below a fleet admiral • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- the Treaty that ended the Mexican-American War.

5. Important People • Miguel Hidalgo- a Mexican priest and a leader of the Mexican War of Independence. • Vicente Guerrero- one of the leading revolutionary generals of the Mexican War of Independence, who fought against Spain for independence in the early 19th century, and served briefly as President of Mexico.

6. Important People (cont.) • Antonio López de Santa Anna- A Mexican political leader, general, and president who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and government. • James K. Polk- 11thPresident of the United States, and added 1.5 million square miles of territory to the United States.

7. Important People (cont.) • Colonel Miguel E. Pino - Commanded the 2nd Regiment of New Mexico Volunteers, and helped defeat the attempted invasion of New Mexico by the Confederate Army. • Colonel Santos Benavides - Commanded his own regiment, the "Benavides Regiment." He was the highest ranking Mexican-American in the Confederate Army.

8. Chapters 10-12 • New Spain • Spanish Florida was acquired by the United States in 1819 under the Adams-Onís Treaty. • After priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's 1810 call for independence, the insurgent army began an eleven-year war. • With the approval of the Spanish Constitution, which took privileges away from the Creoles, they switched sides • Central America became part of the Mexican Empire, but seceded peacefully in 1823 • The Viceroyalty of New Spain united many regions of the Spanish Empire throughout the world. • These included on the North American mainland • In the Caribbean it included Cuba, Santo Domingo, most of the Venezuelan mainland and the other islands in the Caribbean controlled by the Spanish • In Asia, they ruled the Philippines, which covered all of the Spanish territories in the Asia-Pacific region • The Viceroyalty's former territories included what are now the present day countries of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Belize, and Costa Rica • United States regions of California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Puerto Rico, Guam, Mariana Islands, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Florida

9. Chapters 10-12 (cont.) • The Spanish monarch had administrative oversight of all of these regions • The audiencias were primarily superior tribunals, but which also had administrative and legislative functions. • Each of these was responsible to the Viceroy of New Spain in administrative matters • They answered directly to the Council of the Indies. • Audiencia districts further incorporated the older, smaller divisions known as governorates • Provinces were grouped into captaincies general • At the local level there were over two hundred districts • In the late 18th century the Bourbon dynasty began phasing out the Corregidor’s and introduced intendants • These intendancies had such an impact in the formation of regional identity that they became the basis for the nations of Central America and the first Mexican states after independence.

10. Chapters 10-12 (cont.) • Mexican War of Independence • The movement was led by Mexican-born Spaniards, Mestizos and Amerindians who sought independence from Spain. • It started as a peasants' rebellion against their colonial masters, but ended as an alliance between Mexican ex-royalists and Mexican guerrilla insurgents. • The struggle for Mexican independence dates back to the decades after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire • Miguel Hidalgo y CosCostillas a Mexican priest and member of a group of educated Creoles in Querétaro who met in tertulias and in 1810 decided that a revolt against the colonial government was needed because of what happened in the Peninsular War. • He encouraged his parishioners to illegally grow vines and olives. • Hidalgo originally supported naming Allende head of the revolutionary military • The two men quickly became rivals. • Hidalgo seized control of the militia. • On September 16th 1810 he declared independence from the Spanish crown, and war against the government in what was known as the Grito de Dolores. • The army decided to strike for independence and marched to Guanajuato • On October 30, Miguel Hidalgo's army fought the Spanish at the Battle of Monte de Las Cruces • Miguel Hidalgo's army achieved victory. • From 1815 to 1821, most of the fighting was done by isolated guerrilla bands.

11. Chapters 13-15 The Mexican revolution • The movement was led by Mexican-born Spaniards, Mestizos and Amerindians who sought independence from Spain. • It started as a peasants' rebellion against their colonial masters, but ended as an alliance between Mexican ex-royalists and Mexican guerrilla insurgents. • The struggle for Mexican independence dates back to the decades after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire • Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla,was a Mexican priest and member of a group of educated Criollos in Querétaro who met in tertulias and in 1810 decided that a revolt against the colonial government was needed because of what happened in the Peninsular War. • he encouraged his parishioners to illegally grow vines and olives. • Hidalgo originally supported naming Allende head of the revolutionary military • the two men quickly became rivals. • Hidalgo seized control of the militia. • On September 16th 1810 he declared independence from the Spanish crown, and war against the government in what was known as the Grito de Dolores. • The army decided to strike for independence and marched to Guanajuato • On October 30, Miguel Hidalgo's army fought the Spanish at the Battle of Monte de las Cruces • Miguel Hidalgo's army achieved victory. • From 1815 to 1821, most of the fighting was done by isolated guerrilla bands.

12. Chapters 13-15 (cont.) • The Mexican-American War • From 1846 to 1848 in the after the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas. • American forces invaded and conquered New Mexico, California, and parts of northern Mexico. • Another American army captured Mexico City, forcing Mexico to agree to the sale of its northern territories to the U.S. • Territorial expansion of the United States to the Pacific coast was the goal of President James K. Polk. • The war was very controversial in the U.S. • The Whig Party strongly opposed the war with Mexico. • We bought California and New Mexico for $15 million. • The U.S. forgave debt owed by the Mexican government. • Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as its national border, and the loss of Texas. • Despite objections from the Whigs and abolitionists, the war united the U.S. in a common cause and was fought almost entirely by volunteers. • Mexican–American War veterans suffered from the debilitating diseases contracted during the war.

13. Chapters 16-18 • David Glasgow Farragut • Was a flag officer of the United States Navy during the American Civil War. • He was the first rear admiral, vice admiral, and admiral in the United States Navy. • He was against secession even though he lived in Virginia • Before the war started he moved to New York • He was put on the retirement board first • His foster brother offered him a special assignment to attack new Orleans • Some doubted his loyalty because he was a southern man • He succeeded at taking New Orleans and it turned out to be very important to the war • he didn’t follow directions very well because at the siege of port Hudson, the plan was for him to pass by the fort and shoot upon it with the ground forces on the land but he decides to attack a day early than planned and takes heavy damage.

14. Chapters 16-18 (cont.) • Loretta Janeta Velazquez • She was born in Cuba • She dressed as a man in the confederate Army • She enlisted in the Confederate Army in 1861, without her soldier-husband's knowledge • She fought at Bull Run, Ball's Bluff and Fort Donelson, but her gender was discovered while in New Orleans and she was discharged • She reenlisted and fought at Shiloh, until unmasked once more • She then became a spy, working in both male and female guises • Her husband died during the war and she remarried three more times; being widowed in every time • She acquired two uniforms, adopted the name Harry T. Buford and moved to Arkansas • Lieutenant Augusto Rodríguez • Was a Puerto Rican who served as an officer in the Union Army • Rodríguez served in the defenses of Washington, D.C. • He also was in the Battles of Fredericksburg and Wyse Fork. • The Battle of Fredericksburg which was fought against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia from December 12–15 • The battle resulted in a disastrous defeat for General Burnside and the Union Army • It was cancelled due to heavy rain

15. Quiz 10-12 1. What year did USA get Florida? A. 1819 B. 1776 C. 1865 2. Creoles are... A. a social class made up of locally born people of pure or mostly Spanish ancestry. B. a Spanish breed of cattle C. Spanish holiday tradition 3. What year did the Texas Revolution start? A. 1835 B. 1839 C. 1825 4. What year did the Mexican–American War start? A. 1846 B. 1790 C. 1832 5. Who won the Mexican American War? A. USA B. Mexico C. Spain

16. Quiz 10-12 (cont.) 6. Mexico saw Texas as an independent country. True or False? A. True B. False 7. The French invaded Mexico during the Pastry War in what year? A. 1838 B. 1828 C. 1818 8. What happened in Mexico on September 15, 1821? A. Mexican declaration of independence B. Spain invades C. Gold is found 9. How many provinces did Mexico originally have? A. 24 B. 50 C. 13 10. What was Mexico's first motto? A. Religión, Independencia, Unión. B. Live free, or die C. viva revolution!

17. Quiz 13-15 1. What year did the Mexican-American War end? A. 1848 B. 1870 C. 1832 2. In 1845 when Texas was annexed to the U.S. was it a slave state? A. Yes B. No C. It wasn’t annexed in 1845 3. When did the battle of the Alamo take place? A. 1825 B. 1899 C. 1836 4. What percent of the forty-niners where Hispanic? A. 25% B. 42% C. 13% 5. How much land did Polk purchase for America? A. 1.5 million sq miles B. 150,000 acres C. Alaska

18. Quiz 13-15 (cont.) 6. During the years 1840-1860 which had the highest emigration? A. California B. Oregon C. Utah 7. Who won the Mexican American War? A. USA B. Mexico C. Spain 8. How many provinces did Mexico originally have? A. 24 B. 50 C. 13 9. What was Mexico's first motto? A. Religión, Independencia, Unión. B. Live free, or die C. viva revolution 10. Gold was found in California in what year? A. 1849 B. 1749 C. 1832

19. Quiz 16-18 1. Who was the First full Admiral of the USA? A. George Washington B. Robert E. Lee C. David Glasgow Farragut 2. How many Hispanics fought in the Civil War? A. 3,500 B. 2,500 C. 1,000 3. Did the Union or the Confederacy have more Hispanic soldiers? A. The Union B. The Confederacy C. Both had the same amount 4. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo did what? A. Gave Hispanic Americans the right to vote B. ended the Mexican American war C. Freed all the Spanish slaves 5. Who was Loretta Velázquez? A. A Cuban woman who wore Confederate uniforms and served as a Confederate officer and spy during the war B. the head of the nurses C. Abe Lincoln secret child he had with his Spanish mistress 6. Who was the highest ranking Hispanic in the confederate Army? A. Santos Benavides B. Adolfo Fernández Cavada C. Federico Fernandez Cavada