Science- Chapters 10-18

1. Science- Chapters 10-18 Nicole Vesely

2. Science 1790-1850 (Ch. 10-12) • 1794 Philip Vaughan invents one of the modern world’s most essential components- the humble but powerful ball bearing • His invention reduces friction between moving parts, and helps to support loads smoothly • 1798 Edward Jenner’s deadly experiment destroys the scourge of smallpox • 1798 Thomas Malthus posits population growth increases on geometric ratio, outstripping food supplies • His population predictions are correct but British contributions to agricultural science will keep food supplies steadily expanding

3. 1790-1850 • 1798-1799 Peripatetic Benjamin Thompson discovers heat is a form of motion; invents a kitchen range and a drip coffeepot; and founds the royal institution • Thompson brings Watt’s steam Engine into common use and invents a prototype of the convection stove, and the drip coffeepot, and increases the amount of radiant heat thrown by a fireplace • 1800-1820s Humphrey Davy unlocks secrets of laughing gas, alkali metals, and electricity • Davy becomes the superintendent of the Pneumatic Institution for inhalation gas therapy at the age of 20, where he investigates the properties of laughing gas by experimenting on himself

4. 1790-1850 • 1802 Thomas Young discovers waves of light • Young’s famous experiment proves that light moves in waves • He splits a source of 2 light beams, then recombines them and sees a pattern of light and dark fringes created because the waves and troughs of the 2 beams are not in phase • 1802 James Hutton establishes science of Geology with revolutionary ideas • Hutton Single-handedly created the science of geology by theorizing that the process of erosion was countered by the Earth’s renewal and uplift, created by heat within the Earth, and that these processes required vast amounts of energy and time

5. 1790-1850 • 1802-1803 Luke Howard names the clouds, and deciphers their clues to predict the weather • Howard suggests in a published paper that there is a cause and effect relationship operating in the atmosphere that produces clouds, and that we can make weather predictions by studying them • 1805-1806 Storm survivor Francis Beaufort invents wind force scale • The Beaufort Wind Scale tells sailors what signs to look for on the surface of the water and in the air on a scale of 0 (dead calm) to 12 (a hurricane) and how to cope

6. 1790-1850 • 1807 Geological Society founded over dinner • The Geological society celebrated its bicentennial in Burlington House • It has a great library of geoscientific information, and exists to promote the geoscientists and to provide professional support to over 9,000 members • 1808 Moving from weather to the heart of the atom, John Dalton helps to jump start chemistry • Dalton experiments, and confirms the ancient idea that all matter including air, is made up of atoms • 1810 Henry Maudslay, “Father of Machine-Tools” Hits his stride • Transformed industry by inventing the screw-cutting lathes capable of turning out accurate, standard threads on screws

7. 1790-1850 • 1811-1830 Charles Bell explains the nervous system • Bell shows that nerves consist of separate fibers in a common sheath • 1815 William Smith goes from rocks to ruin and back again • 1816 Francis Ronalds invents the Telegraph • He is fascinated by electricity, and in 1816, in his back garden at Hammersmith, he builds the first electrostatic telegraph, sending messages along wires • The wire is charged using a friction machine • At each end, clockwork dials indicate the letter or figure being transmitted

8. 1790-1850 • 1816-1819 John McAdam builds modern Macadam roads • He recommends that roads be raised above adjacent ground to create good drainage and covered first with rocks and then with smaller stones • 1823 Thomas Wakely publishes lancet to advance medical knowledge and reform • He founds one of the world’s oldest peer-reviewed medical journals, naming after the surgical instrument called a lancet • 1823 Charles Macintosh invents the first raincoat • He is trying to find uses for the waste products of gasworks when he hits on painting woolcloth with rubber to produce the first waterproof watercoat

9. 1790-1850 • 1820s-1840s Michale Faraday establishes electromagnetic laws and invents the electric motor and power generator • 1831 Edwin Budding invents the first lawnmower • Budding proceeds to invent the reel grass mower- ecologically sound, capable pf mowing grass to look like strips of moiré silk, and possessing a lovely whirring sound redolent of summer • 1832-1854 Charles Babbage’s “Consuming Passion” produces a calculator and an early computer; Lady Ada Lovelace writes the first computer program

10. 1790-1850 • 1835 William Talbot invents modern, pre-digital photography • 1842- 1850s Edwin Chadwick’s sanitation breakthroughs eradicate disease • 1845 John Couch Adams predicts the existence and position of Neptune • 1848 Parliament legislates for clean water

11. 5 Terms to Know • Voltaic Cells- early forms of electric batteries researched by Benjamin Thompson and Henry Cavendish • Dry Fogs- a long-lasting acid aerosol cloud moved around the globe for three years after the eruptions in Iceland in 1783 • Geological Society- in the winter of 1807, thirteen like-minded souls in London got together at the Freemasons Tavern at Long Acre, in Convent Garden, to form a dining club • Locomotive- a steam engine that pulls loads, improved by George Stephenson in 1813 • Reel grass mower- ecologically sound, capable of mowing grass to look like strips of moiré silk, and possessing a whirring sound, invented by Edwin Budding

12. Historical People- Humphrey Davy • Davy was an exuberant buy who liked to sketch, write poems, collect minerals, and make fireworks. • He liked to experiment and became the superintendent of the Pneumatic Institution for inhalation gas therapy at the age of 20, where he investigated the properties of laughing gas by experimenting on himself. • Davy discovered it could be used as an anesthetic. • He researches into oxides and acids, and isolates and identifies sodium, potassium, calcium, boron, magnesium, strontium, and barium. • He made the discovery that electricity can be produced by chemical activity and that electrolysis, the interaction of the electric currents with chemical compounds, can break a chemical compound into its component parts. • In 1800 he invents the first electric light by connecting wires to his battery and a piece of carbon: The carbon glows, producing light. • He also invents a safety ‘lamp’ for deep-seam mining called the Davy lamp, and a safety helmet. • Miners need light to work, but candle flames in the gas-filled mines are a terrible hazard. • Based on his understanding that gas must be heated to its ignition point before it explodes, Davy surrounds the flame in his lamp with a metal gauze, which distributes, and reduces the heat.

13. Historical People- James Hutton • Hutton was born in 1726, drifted into medicine, and out of it, turned to farming and drifted out of it, and moved to Edinburgh where he found his métier producing sal ammoniac and eating dinner at the Oyster Club with “the economist Adam Smith, the chemist Joseph Black and the philosopher David Hume, as well as such occasional visiting sparks as Benjamin Franklin and James Watt”. • Becoming interested in questions about the age of the Earth, and staring with renewed interest at the rocks on his old farm, Hutton single-handedly created the science of geology by theorizing that the process of erosion was countered by the Earth’s renewal and uplift, created by heat within the Earth, and that these processes required vast amounts of energy and time. • His ideas were revolutionary, and not completely understood for 200 years. • They were published in 1795 and republished in less opaque prose in 1802.

14. Multiple Choice 1) In 1798, Thomas Malthus posits population growth increases on geometric ratio, which he believes will lead to A. Plague B. Limited water supplies C. Minor Sickness D. Outstripping food supplies 2) 1799 Peripatetic Benjamin Thompson discovers A. Heat is a form of motion B. The 3 states of Matter C. The Atom D. Subatomic particles

15. Multiple Choice 3) 1820s Humphrey Davy unlocks secrets of A. Surgery tools B. Laughing gas C. medical supplies D. latchets 4) 1802 Thomas Young discovers A. Waves of sound B. Waves of light C. Waves of energy D. Types of energy

16. Multiple Choice 5) 1803 Luke Howard names A. Types of storms B. Types of tornadoes C. Types of plants D. Clouds and uses them to predict weather 6) 1810 Henry Maudslay was known as A. The Father of Machine-tools B. The Father of Medicine C. The Father of Energy D. The Father of Modern Science

17. Multiple Choice 7) 1830 Charles Bell explains the A. Nervous system B. Cardiovascular System C. Respiratory System D. Endocrine System 8) 1816 Francis Ronalds invents A. The telephone B. The typewriter C. The telegraph D. The refrigerator

18. Multiple Choice 9) 1823 Charles Macintosh invents the first A. Umbrella B. Rain boots C. Raincoat D. Scissors 10) 1831 Edwin Budding invents the first A. Weed-whacker B. Lawnmower C. The light bulb D. The axe

19. Answer Key 1) D 2) A 3) B 4) B 5) D 6) A 7) A 8) C 9) C 10) B

20. Reference Abbott, D, & Glass, C. (2008). Science timeline. Retrieved from http://www.britsattheirbest.com/ingenious/ii_18th_century_1777.html

21. Science 1820-1850 (Ch. 13-15) • The invention of useable electricity, steel, and petroleum products during the 19th century led to a 2nd industrial revolution (1865-1900), that featured the growth of railways and steamships, faster and wider means of communication. • The 19th century was the age of machine tools- tools that made tools- machines that made parts for other machines, including interchangeable parts. • The assembly line was invented during the 19th century, speeding up the factory production of consumer goods. • The 19th century gave birth to the professional scientist, the word scientist was first used in 1833 by William Whewell. • Inventors began to design practical internal combustion engines.

22. 1820-1850 • The light bulb, telephone, typewriter, sewing machine, all came during the 19th century. • The Canal Age occurred in the United States from 1790-1855 • Industrialization wouldn’t have been possible without quick, inexpensive transportation. • Mountains forests, swamps had hampered the development of the Northwest Territory, and the lands of the Louisiana Purchase. • The opening of the Erie Canal in 1826 bridged the Appalachians, opening the Great Lakes to trade. • Wooden Canal boats worked hard, withstood tremendous abuse, and rotted quickly after abandonment..

23. 1820-1850 • Steam Engine • The Steam Engine could be considered the single most important invention of the entire industrial revolution. • The dawn of the 19th century brought about the industrial revolution. • Steam locomotives and steam paddle boats began to appear everywhere • In 1807, Robert Fulton introduced the first steamship to provide regular passenger service to the people of America • He named it the “Clemont” which made a 150 mile trip from New York City to Albany in 32 hours at an average speed of 5 miles per hour • By 1825, steam locomotives were no longer just used for transporting goods. • Passenger Locomotives were rapidly growing due to the increase in commuter traffic in large cities

24. 1820-1850 • 1819 Samuel Fahnestock patents a soda fountain • 1819 Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope • 1823 Thomas Wakely publishes Lancet to advance medical knowledge and reform • 1824 Michael Faraday invents the 1st balloon • 1825 George Stephenson invents the railroad locomotive and train travel; his son Robert and nephew George build railroad bridges • 1823 Charles Macintosh invents the first raincoat • 1825 William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet • 1826 Thomas Telford helps to perfect the suspension bridge • 1827 John Walker invents modern matches • 1827 Charles Wheatstone was the 1st person to coin the phrase microphone • 1820s-1840s Michael Faraday establishes electromagnetic laws and invents the electric motor and power generator

25. 1820-1850 • 1824 Joseph Aspdin invents Portland cement • 1828 George Green’s mathematical theories lay groundwork for modern industry • 1829 American William Austin Burt invents a typewriter • 1831 Edwin Budding invents the first lawnmower • 1831 Cyrus McCormick invents the 1st commercially successful reaper • 1831 Michael Faraday invents an electric dynamo • 1831 William Bickford invents the safety fuse • 1802-1830s Francis Baily improves financial markets and star catalogues and discovers Baily’s beads • 1832 Charles Wheatstone invented the first patented stereoscope • 1832-1854 Charles Babbage’s “consuming passion” produces a calculator and an early computer; Lady Ada Lovelace writes the first computer program

26. 1820-1850 • 1832-1860s Hodgkin, Bright, and Addison Advance Medical Science • 1834 Henry Blair patents a corn planter, he is the second black person to receive a U.S. patent • 1834 Jacob Perkins invents an early refrigerator type device- an ether ice machine • 1835 William Talbot invents modern, pre-digital photography • 1835 Solymon Merrick patents the wrench • 1835 Francis Pettit Smith invents the propeller • 1836 Samuel Colt invented the first revolver • 1837 Wheatstone and Cooke invent first viable electric telegraph • 1831-1840 Rowland Hill’s counter-intuitive thinking transforms mail service • 1830s-1859 Isambard Kingdom Brunel builds tunnels, bridges, railroads, and the first screw-propelled transatlantic steamer • 1838 Samual Morse invents Morse Code • 1839-1846 William Grove invents forerunner of fuel cell • 1839 Thaddeus Fairbanks invents platform scales • 1839 Charles Goodyear invents rubber vulcanization

27. 1820-1850 • 1840 John Herschel invents the blueprint • 1841 Thomas Carlye founds London Library • 1841 Samuel Slocum patents the stapler • 1842-1850s Edwin Chadwick’s sanitation breakthroughs eradicate disease • 1842 Joseph Dart builds the first grain elevator • 1843 James Joule Discovers the nature of energy and Joule’s law • 1843 Alexander Bain invents the facsimile • 1844 John Mercer invents mercerized cotton • 1845 Elias Howe invents a sewing machine • 1845 Robert William Thomson patents the first vulcanized rubber pneumatic tire

28. 1820-1850 • 1845 John Couch Adams predicts the exsistence and position of Neptune • 1846 Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentists, is the first to use anesthesia for tooth extraction • 1847 James Simpson Discovers Anesthesia that works • 1847 Ignaz Semmelweis invents antisceptics • 1848 Waldo Henchett patents the dental chair • 1840s-1860s William Jackson Hooker expands the great royal botanic research garden, Kew • 1848 Parliament legislates for clean water • 1848-1900s William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) develops temperature scale; helps to establish modern physics; defies danger to lay telegraph • 1849 Kirkpatrick Macmillan invents bicycle • 1849 Walter Hunt invents the safety pin • 1850 Joel Houghton was granted the first patent for a dishwasher • 1851 crystal palace dazzles • 1854 George Boole establishes the modern symbolic logic basic to the design of digital computers

29. 5 Terms to Know • Suspension Bridge- a type of bridge where the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. • Portland cement- is the most common type of cement used around the world because of its basic ingredients which include concrete, mortar, stucco and most non-specialty grout • Typewriter- a mechanical device with keys that when pressed, cause ink to be printed on paper. • Reaper- a horse drawn machine to harvest wheat • Electric Dynamo- the first electrical generator capable of delivering power for industry

30. Historical People- Cyrus McCormick • Cyrus McCormick of Virginia was responsible for liberating farm workers from hours of back-breaking labor by introducing the farmers to his newly invented mechanical reaper in July 1831. • By 1847, Cyrus McCormick began the mass manufacture of his reaper in a Chicagp factory. • The invention of 2 successful reaping machines brought about an end to tedious handiwork and encouraged the invention and manufacture of other labor saving farm implements and machinery. • The first reapers cut the standing grain and, with a revolving reel, swept it onto a platform from which it was raked off into piles by a man walking alongside. • It could harvest more grain than five men using the earlier cradles. • The next innovation, patented in 1858, was a self-raking reaper with an endless canvas belt that delivered the cut grain to 2 men who riding on the edge of the platform, bundled it. • Cyrus McCormick had moved to Chicago, built a reaper factory, and founded what eventually became the International Harvester Company.

31. Historical People- Henry Blair • Henry Blair was the only inventor to be identified in the Patent Office records as “a colored man.” • Blair was born in Montgomery County, Maryland around 1807. • He received a patent on October 14, 1834 for a seed planter and a patent in 1836 for a cotton planter. • Henry was the second black inventor to receive a patent the first was Thomas Jennings who received a patent in 1821 for a dry cleaning process. • Henry Blair signed his patents with an “x” because he couldn’t write. • Henry Blair died in 1860.

32. Multiple Choice 1) In 1825 William Sturgeon invented the a. Sewing machine b. Electromagnet c. Lawn mower d. Typewriter 2) In 1827 John Walker invents a. Safety Fuse b. Electromagnet c. Lighter Fluid d. Modern matches

33. Multiple Choice 3) In 1829 American William Austin Burt invents a a. Typewriter b. Postage stamps c. Reaper d. Plow 4) In 1831 William Bickford invents the a. Revolver b. Safety fuse c. Calculator d. Modern matches

34. Multiple Choice 5) In 1835 William Talbot invents a. Lancet b. Machete c. Modern, pre-digital photography d. Lateen Sail 6) In 1836 Samuel Colt invented the first a. Revolver b. Duct tape c. Light bulb d. Microphone

35. Multiple Choice 7) In 1839 Thaddeus Fairbanks invents a. Platform scales b. Caravel Boats c. Electromagnet d. Stappler 8) In 1839 Charles Goodyear invents a. Blueprint b. Rudder c. Rubber vulcanization d. Cotton

36. Multiple Choice 9) In 1845 Elias Howe invents a a. Scissors b. Postage stamps c. Mailboxes d. Sewing machine 10) In 1846 Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentists, is the first to use a. Anesthesia for tooth extraction b. Cotton gin c. Dental Chair d. Toothpaste

37. Answer Key 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. A

38. Refernces Abbott, D, & Glass, C. (2008). Science timeline. Retrieved from http://www.britsattheirbest.com/ingenious/ii_18th_century_1777.html Bellis, M. (2010). 19th century timeline. Retrieved from http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/Nineteenth_2.htm Bolon, K. (2001, May). The steam engine. Retrieved from http://campus.udayton.edu/~hume/Steam/steam.htm Held, J. (1998, July 1). The canal age. Retrieved from http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/canal/index.html

39. Science 1861-1900 (Ch. 16-18) • The 1st Transcontinental Railroad in the USA was built in the 6 year period between 1863-1869 • The transcontinental railroad was built by the Central Pacific Railroad of California and the Union Pacific Railroad that connected its statutory Eastern terminus at Council Bluffs, Iowa, Nebraska • The railroad linked with the existing railroad network of the Eastern US • 1860s James Clerk Maxwell publishes his equations that quantify the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and shows that light is a form of electromagnetic radiation • Maxwell’s equations are a set of 4 partial differential equations that, together with the Lorenta force law, Form the foundation of classical optics, and electric circuits • The equations have 2 major variants: microscopic & macroscopic • 1860s Gregor Mendel formulates Mendel’s laws of inheritance, the basis for genetics • Law of Segregation- when an individual produces gametes, the copies of a gene separate so that each gamete receives only one copy • Law of Independent Assortment- the alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation

40. 1861-1900 • 1860s Dmitri Mendeleev develops the periodic table • Arranged by elements by increasing mass in rows and similar properties in columns • He left space for unknown elements and could predict their properties based on location • Evidence to support Mendeleev’s Periodic Table- new elements matched Mendeleev’s predictions • 1876 telephone by Alexander Graham Bell • Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell both independently designed devices that could transmit speech electrically (the telephone) • Both men rushed their respective designs to the patent office within hours of each other, although Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone 1st • Elisha Gray and Bell entered into a famous legal battle over the invention of the telephone, which Bell won

41. 1861-1900 • 1877 Thomas Edison invented the phonograph • While improving the efficiency of the telegraph transmitter, he noted that the tape of the machine gave off a noise resembling the spoken words when played at a high speed • His experiments led him to try a stylus on a tinfoil cylinder, which to his great surprise, played back the short message he recorded, “Mary had a little lamb” • 1870s Ludwig Boltzmann’s statistical definition of thermodynamic entropy • Thermodynamic entropy- the law of disorder (or that dynamically ordered states are “infinitely improbable”) • 1880s- development and commercial production of electric lighting • Electricity was first wired from power stations into homes, offices, and factories, in big cities such as New York and London

42. 1861-1900 • 1880s development and commercial production of gasoline powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach • These men invented the 4-stroke engine which proved to be a trend setter and resulted in further progress • The 4-stroke engine had 4 significant movements to create its power • 1880s 1st commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings • Phonographs and phonograph recordings were becoming increasingly produced and sold • The original inventor of the phonograph was Thomas Edison • 1880s 1st steel frame construction “sky scrapers” • Steel frame skyscrapers came out in the 1880s as the some of the 1st major buildings scontructed

43. 1861-1900 • 1880s American Society of Mechanical Engineers founded February 16, 1880 New York, NY • The ASME was founded in 1880 as an educational and technical society • The goal of the ASME is to provide continuing education to mechanical engineers, the industries they serve and society in general throught the development and dissemination of technical information • 1880s Construction begins on the Panama Canal by the French. This is the 1st attempt to build the canal • The first attempt to construct a canal began in 1880 under French leadership, but was abandoned after 21,900 workers died (mostly from disease) • The Us launched a 2nd effort incurring a further 5,600 deaths but succeeding in opening the canal in 1914 • 1880s Heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect • Photoelectric effect- electrons are emitted from matter as a consequence of their absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation of very short wavelength, such as visible or ultraviolet light

44. 1861-1900 • 1880s Michelson-Morely experiment, showing that the speed of light in invariant • 1880sJames-Lange theory of emotion • Theory of emotion refers to a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions and is one of the earliest theories of emotion, developed independently by 2 19th century scholars • 1890s Early commercial production of automobiles • In the 1890s, the mass production of automobiles began

45. 1861-1900 • 1896 Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity • While investigating phosphorescence in uranium salts, Becquerel accidentally discovered radioactivity • Radioactivity- is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus losses energy by emitting ionizing particles • 1895 Discovery of x-rays by Wihelm Rontgen • Rontgen accidentally discovered an image cast from his cathode ray generator, projected far beyond the possible range of cathode rays (now known as an electron beam • Medical X rays- are produced by letting a stream of fast electrons come to a sudden stop at a metal plate • Swedish Scientist Svante Arrhenius and US geologist Thomas Crowder Chamberlain independently come to the conclusion that burning fossil fuels might cause global warming due to carbon dioxide emissions

46. 5 Terms to Know • Transcontinental Railroad- the railroad linked to the existing railroad network of the eastern US • Law of Segregation- when an individual produces gametes, the copies of a gene separate so that each gamete receives only one copy • Thermodynamic entropy- the law of disorder (or dynamically ordered states are “infinitely improbable”) • Radioactivity- the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles • Medical X rays- are produced by letting a stream of fast electrons come to a sudden stop at a metal plate

47. Historical People- Alexander Graham Bell • Bell was a physicist, born in Edinburgh, Scotland, March 3, 1847 • In 1872 he took up his residence in the United States, introducing with success his father’s system of deaf-mute instruction. • Bell had 2 sons who died in infancy and two daughters • He was and inventor, scientist, and a professor at Boston University • His was married to Mabel Hubbard from 1877-1922 • Bell was most commonly known for the invention of the telephone • He had been interested for many years in the transmission of sound by electricity, and had devised many forms of apparatus for the purpose, but the first public exhibition of his invention was at Philadelphia in 1876. • His invention of the "photophone," in which a vibratory beam of light is substituted for a wire in conveying speech, has also attracted much attention, but has never been practically used. • He died August 2, 1922 of Pernicious Anemia

48. Historical People- Thomas Edison • Edison was an American inventor, scientist, and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. • He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. • Edison is considered one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding 1,093 US patents in his name. • He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. • These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures. • His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a telegraph operator.

49. Multiple Choice 1) The Transcontinental Railroad helped improve America mainly by a. Linking the new railroad tracks with the already existing network of railroad tracks in the Eastern US b. Transporting farm animals from east to west c. Helping create new healthy & clean worksites for people of America d. Providing separate non-linked railroads across America 2) In the 1860s Gregor Mendel’s 2 laws were a. Law of gravity & Law of motion b. Law of allopatric speciation & Law of sympatric speciation c. Law of thermodynamics & law of radioactivity d. Law of segregation & law of independent assortment

50. Multiple Choice 3) In the 1860s Dimitri Mendeelv’s periodic table was arranged by a. Atomic number b. Decreasing atomic mass c. Elements by increasing mass in rows and similar properties in columns d. Number of neutrons 4) What two men developed the telephone independently at the same time? a. Elisha Gray & Alexander Graham Bell b. Thomas Edison & Wihelm Rontgen c. Svante Arrhenius & Gottlieb Daimler d. Ludwig Boltzmann & Karl Benz