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BYZANTINE HISTORY SUBTITLES

BYZANTINE HISTORY SUBTITLES. Byzantion Land (Constantinople) Byzantine People and History Time-lines Crusades Empires influenced by Byzantine Latin Empire Nicaea Empire Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Trebizond Kingdom Turks on Byzantine Land. Fall of Constantinople (Multivision show).

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BYZANTINE HISTORY SUBTITLES

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  1. BYZANTINE HISTORY SUBTITLES • Byzantion Land (Constantinople) • Byzantine People andHistory Time-lines • Crusades • Empires influenced by Byzantine • Latin Empire • Nicaea Empire • Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia • Trebizond Kingdom • Turks on Byzantine Land. • Fall of Constantinople (Multivision show)

  2. THE FIRST CIVILIZATION ON BYZANTINE LAND ‘OPPOSITE THE BLIND’ The origins of Byzantium are shrouded in legend. The traditional legend has it that Byzas from Megara (a town near Athens), founded Byzantium in 667 BC, when he sailed northeast across the Aegean Sea. Byzas had consulted the Oracle at Delphi to ask where to make his new city. The Oracle told him to found it "opposite the blind." At the time, he did not know what this meant. But when he came upon the Bosporus he realized what it meant: on the east shore was a Greek city, Chalcedon. However, according to legend, they had not noticed the land that lay a half-mile away.

  3. Byzas founded his city here on the European coast and named it Byzantion after himself. It was mainly a trading city due to its strategic location at the Black Sea's only entrance. Byzantion later conquered Chalcedon, across the Bosporus on the Asiatic side. On the other hand reality is different that ,in 2008, during the construction works of the Yenikapı subway station and the Marmaray tunnel at the historic peninsula on the European side, a previously unknown Neolithic settlement dating from circa 6500 BC was discovered. The first human settlement on the Anatolian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the Copper Age period, with artifacts dating from 5500–3500 BC

  4. If the Earth were a single state, Constantinople would be its capital.—Napoleon Bonaparte The location of Byzantium attracted Constantine I in 324 after a prophetic dream was said to have identified the location of the city; but the true reason behind this prophecy was probably Constantine's final victory over Licinius at the Battle of Chrysopolis (Üsküdar) on the Bosporus, on 18 September, 324, which ended the civil war between the Roman Co-Emperors, and brought an end to the final vestiges of the Tetrarch system, during which Nicomedia (present-day İzmit, 100 km (62 mi) east of Istanbul) was the most senior Roman capital city. Byzantium (now renamed as Nova Roma which eventually became Constantinopolis, i.e. "The City of Constantine") was officially proclaimed the new capital of the Roman Empire six years later

  5. THE IDENTITY OF BYZANTINE The name Byzantine Empire is a modern term and would have been alien to its contemporaries. The Empire's native Greek name was Basileía Romaíon, a direct translation of the Latin name of the Roman Empire, Imperium Romanorum. The term Byzantine Empire was invented in 1557, about a century after the fall of Constantinople by German historian Hieronymus Wolf, who introduced a system of Byzantine historiography in his work Corpus Historiae Byzantinae in order to distinguish ancient Roman from medieval Greek history without drawing attention to their ancient predecessors. Then in 17th century, French authors such as Montesquieu began to popularize it. So this was the real story of Byzantine… • In the centuries following the Arab and Lombard conquests in the 7th century, its multi-ethnic (not multi-national) nature remained even though its constituent parts in the Balkans and Asia Minor contained an overwhelmingly Greek population. Ethnic minorities and sizeable communities of religious heretics often lived on or near the borderlands.The Armenians were the only sizeable one.

  6. THE IDENTITY OF BYZANTINE • Byzantines identified themselves as Romaioi (Romans) which had already become a synonym for a Hellene (Greek), and more than ever before were developing a national consciousness, as residents of Romania, as the Byzantine state and its world were called. This nationalist awareness is reflected in literature, particularly in the arctic songs, where frontiersmen are praised for defending their country against invaders, of which most famous is the heroic or epic poem Digenis Akritas.

  7. People of Byzantine Empire

  8. BYZANTINE TIMELINE :Middle Byzantine Period

  9. CRUSADES This Holy Land was conquered by Islam in the A.D. 600s, and would remain in their control for many centuries to come. In A.D. 1095 Pope LeoIII called for volunteers to travel to Jerusalem and fight to take it back from the Muslims. He called their mission a crusade. The word “crusade” comes from the word Crux, which means “cross” in Latin. Those who volunteered for the crusade would be called crusaders, meaning that they took the cross of Jesus upon them. This crusade would be the first of nine total crusades, that Christians would carry out as they attempted to control Israel territory. These crusaders were promised that they would receive eternal life if they died while fighting non-Christians. As a result of the rhetoric these Christians killed thousands of non-Christians, including Jews, and Muslims, as they traveled to Jerusalem. In some cases the slaughtered entire Jewish communities. After two years of traveling in the desert, the crusaders finally reached Jerusalem. They laid siege upon the city, surrounding it for two months. Finally the city fell, and the crusaders entered, killing almost all of the non-Christians who inhabited the city, men, women, and children. Europeans would control many parts of Israel and the surrounding regions for a little over 200 years. During this time, Muslims made slow but steady efforts to regain control over Jerusalem. Eight more crusades would follow, in an effort to keep control over the city in the hands of the Europeans. In A.D. 1291 the Muslims capture the last European stronghold in the area. European leaders lost interest in the area, and the crusades came to an end. Pope Leo III

  10. The Goals of Crusades Causes: •        To ensure safety of pilgrims •        To save Byzantium from threat of Turks •        To get squabbling lords to focus aggression outward •        Idea of actually freeing the Holy Land seems to be an afterthought

  11. Empires influenced by Byzantine • 1- Latin Empire • " Empire of Romania" is the name given by historians to The feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. It was established after the capture of Constantinople in 1204 and lasted until 1261. The Latin Empire was intended to supplant the Byzantine Empire as titular successor to the Roman Empire in the east, with a Western Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Orthodox Byzantine emperors. • The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade • Weakened by constant warfare with the Bulgarians and the Greek successor states, it eventually fell to the Empire of Nicaea under Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261 Capture ofConstantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. Baldwin II (1217-1273) was the last Latin emperor of Constantinople.

  12. 2- Empire of Nicaea The Empire of Nicaea was the largest of the three Byzantine Greek states founded by the aristocracy of the Byzantine Empire that fled after Constantinople was conquered during the Fourth Crusade. Founded by the Lascaris family, it lasted from 1204 to 1261.

  13. Military The Nicaean Empire consisted of Byzantium's most highly populated Greek region. As such, the Empire was able to raise a reasonably numerous military force of around 20,000 soldiers at its height - numbers recorded as participating in its numerous wars against the Crusader states. The Nicaeans continued some aspects of the Komnenian army, but without the resources available to the Komnenian emperors the Nicaean Byzantines could not match the numbers, nor the quality, of the armies that the emperor Manuel and his predecessors had fielded. Western Asia Minor had access to the sea, making it wealthier than most of the splinter states around and in time became the most powerful state in the region, if only for a short duration. Empire of Nicaea Coin issued by Michael VIII Palaeologus to celebrate the liberation of Constantinople from the Latin army, and the restoration of the Byzantine Empire.

  14. Foundation of Armenian power in Cilicia 3- Armenian Kingdom MASS ARMENIAN MIGRATION TO CILICIA UNDER THE BYZANTINES The Armenians came to serve the Byzantines as military officers and governors; they were given control of important cities on the Byzantine Empire's eastern frontier. When Imperial power in the region weakened in the chaotic years after the Battle of Manzikert, some of them seized the opportunity to set themselves up as sovereign Lords, while others remained, at least in name, loyal to the Empire. Cilicia was reconquered from the Arabs by the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas around 965. He expelled the Muslims living there, and Christians from Syria and Armenia were encouraged to settle in the region. Emperor Basil II (976-1025) attempted to expand into Armenian Vaspurakan in the East and Arab-held Syria towards the south. As a result of the Byzantine military campaigns, the Armenians spread into Cappadocia and eastward from Cilicia into the mountainous areas of northern Syria and Mesopotamia

  15. 4- THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND (Trapezous – Euxenus Pontus) The Empire of Trebizond was a successor state of the Byzantine Empire founded in 1204 immediately before the fall of Constantinople. Queen Tamar of Georgia provided troops to Alexius I for the conquest of Trabzon, Sinope and Paphlagonia Empire of Trebizond, Silver Asper. St. Eugenius facing / emperor holding standard. A grandson of Byzantine emperor Andronicus I Comnenus and a descendant of King David the Builder of Georgia through his great grandmother Katay (daughter of David the Builder), made Trebizond his capital and asserted a claim to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine Empire.

  16. SUMELA MONASTERY (built in 5th century)

  17. Byzantines and Turks: AD 1064-1071 Under the Byzantine rule, Anatolia was the scene of continuous wars and eleven crusades. The Empire succeeded in driving back the Arab attacks in the 7th cell. and the Pecheneks in the 11th, but could not resist the Latin invasion of the 13th cell.. The defeat of Emperor Romallus Diogenes by the Seldjuk Turks in the battle of Manzikert (1071) marks the beginning of decline that lasted till the conquest of Constantinople in 1453; thus, the end of the Byzantine Empire.

  18. 1324-1360 , orhan ı ghazi. Crosses into Balkans in 1345 as ally of byzantine emperor, john cantacuzenus, against Serbs • 1071 Manzikert Seljuks break Byzantine line of defense in Eastern Anatolia; Turkish-speaking Muslims raid and settle in area now known as ”Turkey”; much of the Greek/ Christian veneer of indigenous Anatolian population gradually replaced by a Turkish/Muslim veneer • Sultan Murat moves Ottoman capital to Edirne in 1366; origins of Janissary Corps and the devshirme probably date to Murat’s reign • 1204 , Byzantium fatally weakened by 4th. Crusade and Latin occupation • 1200 , high point of Seljuks of Rum; by absorption of smaller Turkish principalities (beyliks),

  19. Expansion of Ottoman rule eastward over Anatolian principalities through combination of diplomacy, dynastic marriages, and military expeditions brings Ottomans into conflict with Timur Leak (Tamerlane) who invades Anatolia and challenges Bayezit at battle of Ankara in 1402. • 1413-1421, Mehmet I, the Restorer. Devotes his energy to reunification of Ottoman lands and reconsolidation of sultan’s authority • 1403-1413, dynastic struggle; civil war among Bayezit’s sons; Suleiman and Musa eventually killed; Mehmet emerges as victor; Christians fail to take advantage of this opportunity to throw off Ottoman rule.

  20. THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE -- MEHMET II THE CONQUEROR

  21. SIEGE OF CONSTANTINOPLE

  22. SAHI: THE FIRST AND BIGGEST HOWITZER CANNON OF THE WORLD URBAN (Hungarian Emperor) suggested it to Byzantine Empire but the emperor refused and thought to rent some more soldiers instead of spending money for it. But this prepared Byzantines’ end because Mehmet II accepted the offer and conquered Constantinople with the help of this cannon

  23. THE WORLD’S INITIALS BY THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE • AGES ENDED AND STARTED • (MIDDLE AGE – NEW AGE) • ROMAN EMPIRE LOST THE MOST IMPORTANT REGION AFTER 1100 YEARS • FOR THE FIRST TIME A NAVY TRANSPORTED ON THE LAND. • THE BIGGEST HOWITZER CANNON OF THE WORLD (SAHI) WAS USED • WORLD LEARNED RELIGIOUS TOLERATION • (THE EMPEROR LET THEM EXIST MORE EASILY THAN BEFORE)

  24. Mehmet II, Fatih (The Conqueror). Fall of Constantinople in 1453 only the beginning of an aggressive policy of conquest; capital moved from Edirne to Istanbul; shift of political power from provincial notables and feudal lords to the sultan’s slaves (kapikullari); the Palace School and the organization of religious education through the madrasa system; elaborate court and expanded bureaucracy; the imperial tradition is firmly established and the classical age of the Ottoman Empire has begun. Mehmed II, the Conqueror

  25. BYZANTINE INFLUENCE ON OTTOMAN EMPIRE • ‘The Ottoman Empire was an Islamized version of the Byzantine Empire.’historians in Europe had argued that the entire institutional culture of the Ottoman Empire, from military offices to palace banquets to methods of public humiliation, was carried over directly from the Byzantine Empire. • Court ceremonial and central administrative practices were effected by Byzantine patterns. • Beginning in Seljuk times and continuing into the 14th century Byzantine and other Christian women were taken into the harems of Seljuk, Turkoman and early Ottoman Rulers • Portions of conquered territories were cut into mukata’s to which the name ‘timar’ was given. The existing tax structure as well as feudal practices developed under Byzantine rule were retained with little change. • Byzantine scribal traditions were influential at first but later these and other areas of government and life were submerged by the legacy of the old Islamic Empire • Finally there was Byzantine tradition in Ottoman Empire. By assimilating a living Byzantine society in Anatolia and Europe the Ottomans inevitably inherited Byzantine ways of doing things.

  26. THANKS FOR LISTENING OUR PRESENTATION OF BYZANTINE HISTORY ENJOY THE MULTIVISION SHOW PREPARED BY: DIDEM AKGUN DILAN OGUZ HILAL KARABIBER SHEYDA OZDEN

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