1 / 55

Female Reproductive System

Introduction. The female gamete is the ovum (egg)The ovum is produced in the female gonadOvariesOvum leaves the ovary, travels down the fallopian tube to the uterusIf sperm are present in the fallopian tube fertilization may occurThe embryo then has a 40 week gestation periodThe embryo is term

lynde
Download Presentation

Female Reproductive System

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

    1. Chapter 8 Female Reproductive System

    2. Introduction The female gamete is the ovum (egg) The ovum is produced in the female gonad Ovaries Ovum leaves the ovary, travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus If sperm are present in the fallopian tube fertilization may occur The embryo then has a 40 week gestation period The embryo is termed fetus after the 2nd month of pregnancy

    3. Introduction Ova mature and are released from the ovaries This begins at the onset of puberty and continues until menopause Puberty secondary sex characteristics begin to develop Menopause Cessation of fertility Diminishing hormone production

    4. Introduction Women are born with all of the eggs (ova) they will possibly release Puberty signifies that the eggs are mature and they begin to leave the ovary If an egg becomes fertilized it may grow and develop in the uterus

    5. Introduction If fertilization occurs various hormones are released from the ovary and placenta If there is no fertilization the resulting hormone changes cause the menstruation to occur Bleeding and shedding of the uterine wall

    6. Introduction Estrogen and progesterone are the hormones important for pregnancy and menstruation The pituitary gland releases the hormones needed for the function of the ovaries, breasts, and uterus This is located at the base of the brain

    7. Introduction Gynecology Study of the female reproductive system Obstetrics Specialty concerned with pregnancy and delivery of the fetus Neonatology Study and treatment of the newborn child

    8. Anatomy Ovaries The female gonads Almond shaped organs in the lower abdomen Produce ova (eggs) and hormones Fallopian tubes Leads from each ovary to the uterus

    9. Anatomy Uterus aka: the womb Muscular organ located between the urinary bladder and rectum This is where the embryo develops

    10. Anatomy Uterus Divided into three parts Fundus The upper portion Corpus The middle portion Cervix The lower neck portion

    11. Anatomy Cul-de-sac Midway between the uterus and rectum Often examined for the presence of cancerous growth Vagina Tube extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body

    12. Anatomy Bartholin glands Two small round glands on either side of the vaginal orifice Helps to lubricate the vagina Clitoris Similar to the penis in males Composed of erectile tissue Anterior to vaginal orifice and urethral meatus

    13. Anatomy Perineum Region between the vaginal orifice and rectum Can be torn during childbirth and cause injury Episiotomy is often performed before delivery and sewn together afterwards

    14. Anatomy lateral view

    15. Anatomy vulva Vulva The external genitalia Consists of Labia majora The outer lips of the vagina Labia minora The smaller inner lips Hymen Mucous membrane that partially covers the entrance to the vagina Clitoris Bartholin Glands

    16. Anatomy vulva

    17. Anatomy ovaries Utero-ovarian ligament Located on either side of the uterus Holds the ovaries in place Graafian follicles Thousands contained in each ovary Each follicle contains an ovum Ruptures to release ovum when mature

    18. Anatomy ovaries Once ovum is released the graafian follicle fills with blood and yellow, fat like material Then called corpus luteum Ovulation Release of ovum from ovary

    19. Anatomy fallopian tubes Fallopian tube ~5 ˝ in. long duct Runs from ovary to uterus End has finger like structures called fimbriae These “catch” the ovum and pull it into the tube This is where fertilization will occur

    20. Anatomy fallopian tubes Takes ~5 days for the ovum to pass through the fallopian tube It is during this time that fertilization is most likely to occur If the egg remains unfertilized it disintegrates in a day or two

    21. Anatomy uterus Uterus Pear shaped organ Muscular walls Mucous membrane lining filled with blood vessels Divided into three parts Fundus Corpus Cervix

    22. Anatomy uterus Uterus (cont.) Endometium Specialized epithelial mucosa Myometrium Muscular layer Uterine serosa Outer membranous tissue Serosa is outer most layer of any organ in the abdomen or thorax

    23. Anatomy vagina Cervical opening leads to the vagina ~ 3 in. long Leads to the outside of the body

    24. Anatomy anterior view

    25. Anatomy breast Breasts are accessory organs to reproduction They are located on the upper anterior region of the thorax Breasts are mammary glands composed of Glandular tissue Contains milk glands Develop in response to hormones from ovaries during puberty

    26. Anatomy breast Composed of (cont) Fibrous and fatty tissue Lactiferous ducts Carry milk from glandular tissue Sinuses Carry milk to nipple

    27. Anatomy breast Composed of (cont.) Nipple Called mammary papilla Small opening for the milk to pass through Areola Dark pigmented area around the nipple During pregnancy breasts reach their full development Hormones from the pituitary gland stimulate lactation after parturition

    28. Anatomy breast

    29. Anatomy breast

    30. Menstruation Menstruation begins during puberty This is called menarche Menstration is happens in cycles Each cycle is divided into 28 days These days are grouped into 4 time periods

    31. Menstrual Cycle Days 1-5 Menstrual period Period when fluid discharge is present Composed of endometrial cells, glandular secretions, and blood

    32. Menstrual Cycle Days 6-12 Endometrium begins to repair itself Estrogen is released by maturing graafian follicles Maturing ovum finishes growth during this period

    33. Menstrual Cycle Days 13-14 Graafian follicle ruptures Ovum leaves the ovary and travels slowly down the fallopian tube Rupturing process is known as ovulation

    34. Menstrual Cycle Days 15-28 Empty follicle fills with yellow material and becomes corpus luteum Corpus luteum functions as endocrine organ Secretes estrogen and progesterone These stimulate building the lining of the uterus for pregnancy

    35. Menstrual Cycle Days 15-28 (cont.) If fertilization does not occur production of hormones ceases This can cause premenstrual symptoms Depression Breast tenderness Irritability Known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS) About 5 days after hormone cessation, endometrium breaks down and menstrual cycle begins again

    36. Menstrual Cycle

    37. Pregnancy When fertilization occurs the ovum implants in the endometrium The corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone and estrogen This supports the vascular and muscular development of the uterine lining Placenta forms within the uterine wall

    38. Pregnancy Placenta derived from maternal endometrium and the chorion Outermost membrane surrounding the embryo Amnion is the innermost embryonic membrane Holds fetus suspended in the amniotic cavity

    39. Pregnancy

    40. Pregnancy The amnion and amniotic fluid normally rupture during labor This is when a woman’s “water breaks” Maternal and fetal blood never mix during pregnancy The placenta acts as a filter for nutrients, oxygen and waste

    41. Pregnancy Placenta produces its own hormone Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) This is what is tested for with home pregnancy tests After the baby is delivered the placenta is expelled This is known as the afterbirth

    42. Pregnancy

    43. Pregnancy

    44. Pathology Cervix Carcinoma of the cervix Cervical cancer More common in women who Have coitus at early age Have multiple sex partners History of STDs Evidence of HPV Detection via Pap smear Treatments include conization, hysterectomy, or radiation therapy

    45. Pathology Cervix Endometriosis Endometrial tissue found in abnormal locations Can cause Dysmenorrhea Pelvic pain Infertility Dyspanreunia Treatment ranges from symptomatic relief of pain to hysterectomy

    46. Pathology Ovaries Ovarian Carcinoma Ovarian cancer Accounts for more deaths than those of the cervix and uterus combined Usually discovered in advanced stages Treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy

    47. Pathology Ovaries Ovarian Cysts Typically benign Occasionally cysts need to be removed to distinguish between benign and malignant tumors

    48. Pathology Fallopian Tubes Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Leading causes are gonorrhea and chlamydial infection Can be repetitive which can lead to adhesions and scarring within the fallopian tubes Increases risk of ectopic pregnancy and difficulty getting pregnant

    49. Pathology Fallopian Tubes PID (cont.) S&S Vaginal discharge Pain in the abdomen (LLQ & RLQ) Fever Tenderness on palpation of the cervix Antibiotics are used as treatment

    50. Pathology Breast Carcinoma of the breast Tumor will typically spread to lymph nodes in axilla first Once introduced to lymph nodes cancer may spread to other body organs Tumor is usually removed as primary treatment Early detection important

    51. Pathology Breast Carcinoma of the breast (cont.) Should perform self examination every month starting about age 20 About 211,000 new cases expected in the US each year About 1,600 men expected to develop breast cancer

    52. Pathology Pregnancy Ectopic Pregnancy Implantation of fertilized egg anywhere besides normal uterine location Occurs in about 1% of pregnancies About 90% of those occur in the oviducts Other sites include oviducts and abdominal cavity All are surgical emergencies

    53. Clinical Tests Pap Smear Physician uses a vaginal speculum, wooden spatula and cotton swab to take secretions from cervix and vagina Microscopic analysis is then performed on the sample Recommended for every woman over 18 years of age, or under if sexually active

    54. Clinical Tests Pregnancy test Can be blood or urine Detects presence of HCG Mammography X-rays of the breast to screen for cancer Recommended around age 50 for a baseline and every 1 – 2 years after

    55. Clinical Procedures Tubal Ligation A sterilization process Fallopian tubes are burned or cut, and then tied off A small incision is made in the abdomen and a laparoscope is inserted through which instrumentation can be inserted

    56. Clinical Procedures Cesarean Section “C” section Removal of fetus by abdominal incision Indications Cephalopelvic disproportion Hemorrhage Fetal distress Breech or shoulder presentation

More Related