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Female reproductive system

Female reproductive system. Ovaries. In the upper pelvic cavity Produce eggs (ova, which is plural for uvum ) Has an outer cortex and an inner medulla Cortex contains follicles, each with a potential egg cell Females are born with about 400 000 follicles…and that is all she will ever have!

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Female reproductive system

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  1. Female reproductive system

  2. Ovaries • In the upper pelvic cavity • Produce eggs (ova, which is plural for uvum) • Has an outer cortex and an inner medulla • Cortex contains follicles, each with a potential egg cell • Females are born with about 400 000 follicles…and that is all she will ever have! • Only about 400 ever mature to produce an ovum • Genetic defects in children of older mothers may be due to “older” eggs

  3. Figure 37.7 pg 914

  4. Oviducts (fallopian tubes) • Have fimbriae that sweep ovum into oviduct (sometimes it misses and ends up in abdominal cavity, and sometimes gets fertilized there!) • Unfertilized eggs live only 48 hours • Ovum propelled down oviduct by cilia and muscular contraction of oviduct • Fertilization occurs in oviduct • Takes 3 – 5 days for it to get to the uterus • Sometimes it gets stuck in oviduct and develops there (ectopic pregnancy)

  5. Uterus: lies above urinary bladder

  6. Development of the embryo occurs here • Has a lining (endometrium) which helps form the placenta • Endometrium has 2 layers: • Basal and functional • Functional layer varies in thickness and is shed monthly • Endometrium is shed monthly f no fertilization occurs (menstruation)

  7. Cervix • Muscular band that separates vagina from uterus • It is designed to hold the fetus in Vagina • Receives penis in copulation • Lies in folds that can extend (especially important during birth!!!

  8. External genitalia • Vulva: • Labia majora • Labia minora • Clitoris: • Analogous to glans penis in males. • Also becomes filled with blood and become erect

  9. Brain Break!!! • Mom & Dad decided that the only way to pull off a Sunday afternoon quickie with their ten-year-old son in their small apartment was to send him out on the balcony and order him to report on all the neighborhood activities. The boy began his commentary as his parents put their plan into operation. "There's a car being towed from the parking lot," he said. "An ambulance just drove by. " A few moments passed. "Looks like the Andersons have company," he called out, "Matt's riding a new bike and the Coopers are having sex." Mom and Dad shot up in bed. "How do you know that?" the startled father asked. "Their kid is standing out on the balcony too," his son replied.

  10. Hormonal regulation in females(see pg 916 fig 37.8) • 2 cycles: • Ovarian cycle • (Follicular phase :days 1 – 13) • (Luteal phase: days 15 – 28) • Uterine cycle • (Menstruation: days 1 – 5) • (Proliferative phase: days 6 – 13) • (Secretory phase: days 15 – 28) • Day 14 in both cycles is OVULATION

  11. Hormones involved • GnRh (hypothalamus) • FSH or follicle-stimulating hormone(interior pituitary) • LH or lutenizing hormone (anterior pituitary) • Estrogen (ovaries) • Progesterone (ovaries)

  12. Days 1 - 13 • GnRH stimulates production of LH and FSH • FSH causes follicle to develop • The follicle secretes mostly estrogen • As blood estrogen rises, negative feedback slows the release of FSH • Therefor the follicle phase ends (which is marked by ovulation) • The estrogen production causes endometrium to thicken and become vascular

  13. Days 15 - 28 • LH secretion more prominent than FSH • LH promotes development of corpus luteum (which secretes progesterone) • As blood progesterone level rises, negative feedback slows the release of LH • This causes corpus luteum to disintegrate • And therefor the luteal phase ends (marked by the onset of mensturation)

  14. *Note • Both FSH and LH are present at all times in the cycle. They simply rise and fall • Both estrogen and progesterone are present at all times. Estrogen is the main hormone in the first half of the cycle and progesterone is the main one in the second

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