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-Kroes, Lepp & Relman, PNAS, 1999

-Kroes, Lepp & Relman, PNAS, 1999. Periodontal Disease. 59% U.S. Population afflicted with chronic marginal gingivitis Inflammation of gums Inflammation caused by bacteria 35% U.S. population afflicted with chronic periodontitis

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-Kroes, Lepp & Relman, PNAS, 1999

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  1. -Kroes, Lepp & Relman, PNAS, 1999

  2. Periodontal Disease • 59% U.S. Population afflicted with chronic • marginal gingivitis • Inflammation of gums • Inflammation caused by bacteria • 35% U.S. population afflicted with • chronic periodontitis • Apical migration of gingival pocket (CAL & PD) • exfoliation of teeth • Associations with systemic disease

  3. -Lepp, et al, PNAS, 2004

  4. -Lepp, et al, PNAS, 2004

  5. -Lepp, et al, PNAS, 2004

  6. Intestinal Bacteria ~10,000 species

  7. Bacterial Vitamin Synthesis • K vitamins • E. coli and Bacteriodes • Fat soluble • Coagulation coenzymes • B vitamins • Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Bacteriodes • Water soluble • B12 (cobalamin) • B9 (folic acid) • B5 (Pantothenic acid) • B7 (Biotin) • B2 (Riboflavin) • B1 (Thiamine)

  8. Postnatal Development -Steppenbach, Hooper and Gordon, PNAS, 2002

  9. Carbohydrate Metabolism

  10. Carbohydrate Metabolism

  11. Mixed “microbial community”

  12. Bacterial Antibiotics

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