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Chapter 5 Renaissance & Reformation

Chapter 5 Renaissance & Reformation. World History. RENAISSANCE (1350-1550). French for “rebirth.” The transition period in Europe from medieval to modern culture. It is generally viewed as a rebirth or reawakening of learning and the arts.

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Chapter 5 Renaissance & Reformation

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  1. Chapter 5Renaissance & Reformation World History

  2. RENAISSANCE (1350-1550) • French for “rebirth.” • The transition period in Europe from medieval to modern culture. It is generally viewed as a rebirth or reawakening of learning and the arts. • It began in the Italian city-states where there was a new form of society emerging. A society where wealth and skill was more important than land ownership and titles of nobility.

  3. RENAISSANCE (1350-1550) • During the Middle Ages, Italy did not develop a centralized monarchical state. This made it possible for a number of city-states in northern and central Italy to remain independent and dominate politics in their particular regions.

  4. 3 MOST POWERFUL ITALIAN CITY-STATES • MILAN • Located in northern Italy at the crossroads of the main trade routes from Italian coastal cities to the Alpine passes and was one of the riches city-states in Italy. • In the 14th Century the Visconti family established themselves as dukes in Milan. When the last Visconti ruler died in 1447, Francesco Sforza then became the new ruler and ruled with a band of mercenaries.

  5. 3 MOST POWERFUL ITALIAN CITY-STATES • VENICE • Located in northern Italy and was a link form Asia to western Europe. • Officially, Venice was a republic with an elected leader called a Doge, but the wealthy merchants actually controlled finances and held the power.

  6. 3 MOST POWERFUL ITALIAN CITY-STATES • FLORENCE • It dominated the region of Tuscany. • It will become the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance. Throughout the 1400’s the wealthy Medici family controlled the politics. • GirolamoSavnarola, a Dominican priest, eventually seized power and imposed strict regulations. He came to power due to economic decline in the late 1400’s. • In 1498 Savonarola was convicted of heresy and was executed, and the Medici family returned to power.

  7. ITALIAN WARS (1494-1559) • A series of destructive wars for control of Italy. The wars, largely fought by France and Spain, resulted in the domination of Italy by the Spanish Habsburgs.

  8. ITALIAN WARS (1494-1559) • Fighting began with an invasion (1494) of Italy by French king Charles VIII. He took Naples but was forced out of Italy by an alliance of the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and the pope. French king Louis XII launched another invasion (1499) and took Milan, Genoa, and Naples but was driven out of Naples (1503) by the Spanish. Pope Julius II then organized (1508) the League of Cambrai(q.v.) against Venice. By 1510, however, he had turned against France and formed the Holy League(q.v.) against it. Following some years of fighting, a peace was arranged (1516) by which the French held Milan and Spain kept Naples. Fighting again erupted (1521) between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the new French king, Francis I. In the course of battle, Francis was captured (at the Battle of Pavia) and forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid (1526). On being freed, Francis renounced the treaty and formed a new alliance with England, the pope, Venice, and Florence. In this phase of the wars, Charles sacked Rome (May 1527) and forced the pope to come to terms, the French failed in their siege of Genoa, and Francis finally gave up all claims to Italy in the Treaty of Cambrai (1529). Francis fought two other unsuccessful wars against the Spanish outside Italy. By the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559), Spain was confirmed as the dominant power in Italy.

  9. NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI (1496-1527) • Italian statesman, author, and philosopher. His best-known work, The Prince (1517), contains Machiavelli's thoughts on the methods by which a prince may acquire and make use of political power. • A Florentine diplomat, he was imprisoned briefly by the Medici when they regained power (1512). After his release he turned to writing. It is thought that he used Borgia as the model for his cynical, ruthless prince. Niccolo Machiavelli

  10. 3 SOCIAL CLASSES OF THE RENAISSANCE • NOBILITY • They were expected to fulfill certain ideals. • They should have talent, character, and grace. • They should develop two skills: 1)perform military and physical exercises 2)gain a classical education and enrich life with the arts. • They should serve their prince honestly.

  11. 3 SOCIAL CLASSES OF THE RENAISSANCE • CLERGY • Leaders of the church. • PEASANTS & TOWNSPEOPLE • Peasants made up 85-90% of the total European population during the Renaissance. • Townspeople were divided into three groups • Patricians—had wealth from trade, banking, and industry. • Burghers---were shopkeepers, artisans, and guild members who provided goods and services. • Workers (Peasants)—general labor and the unemployed.

  12. HUMANISM • A philosophy or attitude that places humankind and human values, welfare, and creativity at the center of consciousness. • Humanism was the philosophy that, beginning in the 14th century, was a central feature of the Renaissance in Italy, and spread over the rest of Europe in the following three centuries. • It taught classical learning and art as well as to seek fulfillment in daily life, and that each person has dignity and wealth.

  13. LEADING HUMANIST DURING THE RENAISSANCE • Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) • Italian Renaissance poet and scholar, who was one of the greatest scholars and lyric poets of his age and proved to be a major influence in spreading Greek ideals, humanism, and other elements of early Renaissance thought. • He was known as the “father of Italian Renaissance humanism.” His sonnets, songs, and madrigals in honor of Laura, his ideal woman, greatly influenced Renaissance poetry. Francesco Petrarch

  14. LEADING HUMANIST DURING THE RENAISSANCE • Alighieri Dante (1265-1321) • Italian poet, and author of The Divine Comedy (1321), one of the greatest masterpieces of Western literature. • Dante, through his works, helped to establish the Italian vernacular as the literary language of Italy. • The Divine Comedy, partly inspired by a continuing romantic devotion to a woman thought to be Beatrice Portinari, consists of three parts: Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise. In this epic poem, he journeys to each of the three, guided through the first two by Vergil, and through heaven by Beatrice. • Raised in Florence, he was exiled (1302) after a factional struggle among the Guelphs, of which he was a member. He wandered through various Italian cities until sometime after 1313, when he settled in Ravenna. Alighieri Dante

  15. Christian Humanism • The belief that humanist learning and Bible study were the best ways to eliminate abuses and restore piety of the Catholic church.

  16. Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) • He is the best known of all the Christian humanists. • A man of great talent and industriousness, Erasmus rose from obscure beginnings to become the leading intellectual figure of the early sixteenth century. • He sought reform within the Catholic Church, not to break away, and set the way for the Reformation. • He was courted by rulers and prelates who wanted to enhance their own reputations by association with the greatest scholar of the age. Though most vividly remembered now for his critical satires of abuses in the church and secular society and for his work as editor of the first published edition of the Greek New Testament, he was a prolific and influential author in many genres. Desiderius Erasmus

  17. The Praise of Folly (1509) • Book written by Desiderius Erasmus where he humorously criticized aspects of his society that he believed were most in need of reform, including the Catholic Church.

  18. Corruption in the Catholic Church was rampant in the 1400’s. Between 1450 and 1520 there were a series of popes—known as the Renaissance popes—who failed to meet the Church’s spiritual needs. These popes were more concerned with wealth and political matters than spiritual needs of people. • While the leaders of the Church were failing to meet their responsibilities, ordinary people desired a meaningful religious expression and assurance of their salvation, or acceptance into Heaven. As a result the process of obtaining salvation became almost mechanical. According to church practice at that time, through veneration of a relic, a person could gain an indulgence. The church also sold indulgences in the form of certificates.

  19. Indulgence • A release from all or part of the punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death.

  20. Martin Luther(1483-1546) • He was a monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg, where he lectured on the Bible. • Through his study of the Bible, Luther came to reject the Catholic teaching that both faith and good works were necessary for salvation. Martin Luther

  21. Martin Luther(1483-1546) • He believed human deeds were powerless to affect God and that salvation was through faith alone. God grants salvation to the faithful because he is merciful. • The idea of justification by faith alone is the Protestant Reformation’s chief teaching. For all Protestants, the Bible, not the Church, became the primary source of religious truth.

  22. 3 IMPORTANT TEACHINGS OF MARTIN LUTHER • Salvation is by faith alone and not works. • Religious truth and authority is found only in the Bible. • The church was a priesthood of believers not a hierarchy of clergy.

  23. Ninety-five Theses • Angered by the practice of the selling of indulgences by the Church, on October 31, 1517, Martin Luther will post his Ninety-five Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. • This was originally intended to invite debate from other Catholic theologians, but is now considered to be the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

  24. Pope Leo X • He did not take Luther and his issues seriously. • He stated that Luther was simply “some drunken German who will amend his ways when he sobers up.” Pope Leo X

  25. In 1520 Luther called for the German princes to overthrow the papacy and establish a reformed German church. Luther wanted to keep only two sacraments—baptism and Communion—and called for the clergy to marry. Luther continued to emphasize his new doctrine of salvation. • The Catholic Church excommunicated Martin Luther in 1521. He was summoned to appear before the imperial diet (legislative assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire in the city of Worms. The emperor Charles V thought he could get Luther to change his ideas. Luther refused, which outraged Charles V.

  26. Edict of Worms • It was convened at Worms, Germany, by Charles V, to consider action against Protestant reformer Martin Luther. Luther had already been condemned by Pope Leo X and was given safe conduct to appear before the diet (April 17, 1521). • Here Luther was asked to repudiate his teachings; on the following day he refused. The subsequent Edict of Worms (May 25, 1521) declared Luther a heretic and outlaw and forced him to go into hiding for some months.

  27. From the beginning Luther’s movement was tied to politics. He believed the state was called by God to maintain the peace and order necessary to spread the Gospel. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, ruled an empire consisting of Spain, the Austrian lands, Bohemia, Hungary, the Low Countries, Milan, Naples, and Spanish territories in the New World. Charles V wanted to keep all this Catholic and under the control of his Hapsburg dynasty, but he faced many problems.

  28. Charles V’s chief political problem was his rivalry with Francis I, king of France. Pope Clement VII also opposed him. The pope joined the side of the French in their wars with Charles V. Charles V also had to send troops against the advancing Ottoman Empire. Finally, many individual rulers of the German states supported Martin Luther.

  29. Peace of Augsburg • A convention established (September 25, 1555) at Augsburg, Bavaria, providing for an end to religious conflicts of the Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire. • The settlement allowed individual states to decide whether Catholicism or Lutheranism was to be practiced in their territories and determined that Catholics and Lutherans should migrate to states where their faith had been adopted. • Though Calvinists were not included in the agreement, the settlement halted religious conflicts in the empire for some 50 years.

  30. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) • He took the Reformation to Switzerland. • Although Zwingli's influence was not as great as Luther's, he made significant contributions to Protestant doctrine. • He began a new Christian group in Switzerland where relics and images were forbidden in the city, and a new service of scripture reading, prayer, and sermons replaced the Catholic Mass. • Zwingli was killed on October 11, 1531, in the Second War of Kappel, fought between the Catholic and Protestant cantons of Switzerland.

  31. John Calvin (1509-1564) • French theologian and, as founder of Calvinism, one of the great figures of the Protestant Reformation. • Calvin fled France for Switzerland to escape religious persecution from Catholics when he converted to Protestantism in 1533. • He placed a new emphasis on the all-powerful nature of God—what Calvin called the “power, grace, and glory of God.” This led him to the important idea of predestination. John Calvin

  32. Predestination • The belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate).

  33. In 1536 Calvin began to reform the city of Geneva. He created a church government and a body called the Consistory. He set up a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans. People who deviated could be punished, even for such “crimes” as dancing and gambling.

  34. Consistory • Set up in 1541, it was a church court set up by John Calvin that enforced moral discipline.

  35. Calvin’s success in Geneva made it a powerful center of Protestantism. Missionaries trained in Geneva were sent throughout the world. By the mid-sixteenth century, Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the most important form of Protestantism.

  36. King Henry VIII (1491-1547) • He was the king of England 1509-1547. • He wanted a divorce form his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, whom he thought could not give him a male heir. • The Pope was unwilling to annul his marriage, however, and Henry VIII turned to England’s church courts. Henry VIII

  37. Archbishop of Canterbury • This was Thomas Cranmer. • He ruled in May 1533 that Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine was “null and void.” Archbishop of Canterbury: Thomas Cranmer

  38. King Henry VIII (1491-1547) • After the annulment to Catherine, Henry VIII then married Anne Boleyn, who was crowned queen and who gave birth to a girl, which would later would become Queen Elizabeth I. Anne Boleyn

  39. Act of Supremacy (1534) • It gave the English king supreme authority over the Church of England and thus broke ties with the Pope and the Catholic Church in Rome. • It also made Henry VIII head of the church in England.

  40. Edward VI (1537-1553) • He succeeded his father, Henry VIII. • Administration was left to his regents, E. Seymour and John Dudley (1532?-88), Duke of Northumbria, who ousted Seymour in 1549. During Edward's reign, • Protestant reforms were introduced to the newly created Church of England by publication of the Forty-Nine Articles (1553) and the first Book of Common Prayer (1549). • Reforms included giving the clergy the right to marry and created a new Protestant church service. Dudley arranged for Edward to name Lady Jane Grey to succeed him.

  41. Mary I “Bloody Mary” (1516-1558) • English Queen (1553-58), daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who followed Edward VI to the throne. • Her marriage (1554) to Spanish King Philip II caused great opposition. • She briefly reestablished Roman Catholicism in England (1555-59) and persecuted Protestants.

  42. Anabaptists • Protestant group in western Europe that believed in the baptizing of adults only and not children. They denied the authority of the local governments, refused to hold political office, bear arms, and swear oaths. • They were persecuted by others throughout Europe, and many came to North America in the 1600’s. • The Anabaptists will lay the foundation of religious liberty and the separation of church and state.

  43. The Catholic Reformation(Counter Reformation) • It was the revitalization in the 16th century of the Catholic church, giving it new strength and enabled it to regain much that it had lost due to the Protestant Reformation and the creation of the Church of England. • It was supported by three chief pillars: • The Jesuits • Reform of the papacy • The Council of Trent

  44. Jesuits (Society of Jesus) • Founded by a Spanish nobleman named Ignatius of Loyola. • He organized a group of believers who took an absolute obedience pledge to the pope, making them an important instrument for papal policy. • They used education to spread their message.

  45. Pope Paul III • Born as Alessandro Farnese. • Served as Pope 1534-1549. • He took the bold step of appointing a Reform Commission in 1537 to determine the ills of the Catholic Church. Pope Paul III

  46. Council of Trent • It was begun by Pope Paul III. • It was a council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trent, Italy in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers. • It redefined the Roman Catholic doctrine and abolished various ecclesiastical abuses and strengthened the papacy.

  47. OFFICIAL CATHOLIC DOCTRINE FROM THE COUNCIL OF TRENT • Salvation was by works and faith. • Official Bible was the Latin Vulgate translation. • Only church officials could interpret scripture. • Forbade the selling of indulgences. • Clergy had to follow strict rules of behavior. • Mass had to be conducted in Latin language.

  48. CITATIONS • "Niccolo Machiavelli." Google Images. Web. 16 Aug 2011. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/eb/Niccolo_Machiavelli_1_u.jpg>. • "Francesco Petrarch ." Google Images. Web. 16 Aug 2011. <http://www.italian-language-study.com/images/photographs/petrarch.jpg>. • "Alighieri Dante." Google Images. Web. 16 Aug 2011. <http://www.famousquotesandauthors.com/pictures/dante_alighieri.jpg>. • "Desiderius Erasmus ." Google Images. Web. 16 Aug 2011. <http://medias2.cafebabel.com/8667/thumb/355/-/why-would-you-not-do-erasmus-erasmus-programme-less-popular-finance-eurodyssey.jpg>. • "Martin Luther." Google Images. Web. 16 Aug 2011. <http://www.faith-andover.org/images/luther.gif>. • "Pope Paul III." Google Images. Web. 18 Aug 2011. <http://www.tallarmeniantale.com/pics/pope-paul-III.jpg>. • "Pope Leo X." Google Images. Web. 18 Aug 2011. <http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/poperosary/29LeoX.jpg>. • "Ulrich Zwingli." Google Images. Web. 19 Aug 2011. <http://atheism.about.com/library/graphics/ZwingliUlrichSmall.jpg>. • "John Calvin." Google Images. Web. 19 Aug 2011. <http://www.ageslibrary.com/assets/bio_calvin.jpg>. • "Henry VIII." Google Images. Web. 19 Aug 2011. <http://nhsboyshistory.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/henry-viii.jpg>. • "Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer." Google Images. Web. 19 Aug 2011. <http://justificationbygrace.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/archbishop-thomas-cranmer1.jpg?w=310&h=410>. • "Anne Boleyn." Google Images. Web. 19 Aug 2011. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Anne_Boleyn.png>.

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