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Systems Analysis & Development

Systems Analysis & Development. Chao-Hsien Chu, Ph.D. School of Information Sciences and Technology The Pennsylvania State University. SADT IE. Object Oriented. Knowledge & Skills for Option II. Project management Customer relationship management Change management Knowledge management.

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Systems Analysis & Development

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  1. Systems Analysis & Development Chao-Hsien Chu, Ph.D. School of Information Sciences and Technology The Pennsylvania State University SADT IE Object Oriented

  2. Knowledge & Skills for Option II • Project management • Customer relationship management • Change management • Knowledge management • Teamwork • Leadership • Oral & written communications • Problem solving PEOPLE • Applications: • Business • Government • Services • … • Systems theory • Organizations • IT strategic planning SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY PROCESS • Hardware/software/network • Data modeling • Systems analysis & development • Application/enterprise integration • XML/COBRA technologies • Work flow management • Process modeling • Process analysis • Process reengineering

  3. Key Issues • What is a system? • What are the key elements of a system? • What is a system approach? • Why to study a systems & system approach? • What are the major principles of systems thinking? • How to apply systems thinking? • Life Cycle of Systems Development.

  4. Process Outputs Inputs • Materials • Manpower • Machines • Methods • … Information Work Flow Cash Flow • Products • Services Integration Technology Application Sketch of ITINT Option Organization: Functions, Processes, Value Chains, Mission, Vision, Goals, Policies, … Customers Suppliers Environment: Policies, regulations, competitors

  5. Systems Approach Environment Data Flow Input Process Output Reports ERD / DFD Database Requirements Interface Monitor Feedback Information Flow

  6. Multiple Objectives Incomplete Data Conflicting Objectives Data Overflow Limited Resources Noise Data Imprecision Uncertainty linguistic Stochastic Subjective Dynamic Short Time Frame Economics of Scale Governmental Regulation Environmental Concerns Characteristics of Real World Problems Complexity LargeScale

  7. Complexity Issue Complexity can evolve from smaller simple systems

  8. Different Approaches • Black Box Concepts • Systems Decomposition Process Data Information

  9. The Black Box Approach Most things around us behave like black boxes

  10. Black Box Approach Watch out!

  11. Systems Decomposition Main source of Systems Integration

  12. Systems Design Good design always precedes successful implementation

  13. Problem Solving Approach Finding the source of problem is often an exploratory task

  14. Performance Measures • Accuracy • Response Time • Relevant • Ease of Use • Data Integrity • Flexibility – Format, Configuration, … • User Friendliness • Interoperability • Efficiency • Recovery • Security

  15. Suitability Accuracy Interoperability Security Maturity Fault tolerance Recoverability Understandability Learnability Operability ISO 9126 for Systems Quality Functionality Reliability Usability

  16. Conformance Reliability Maintainability Adaptability Usability Efficiency Portability Serviceability Responsiveness Competence Accessibility Communication Credibility Dimensions of Systems Requirements

  17. Understanding the Business Environment The Implicit Data Dependencies Research Sales Design Data Processing Center Raw Materials (Incoming) Accounting & Finance Production Personnel Distribution (Output)

  18. The Gordian Knot Accounting Files Production Control Files Accounting and Finance Production Control Complex Flow of Paperwork and Information Engineering Files Inventory Control Files Inventory Control Engineering and Design

  19. Order out of Chaos Customer Invoice Accounting and Finance Production Control Customer Order Product Work in Process Raw Materials Process Center Vender Inventory Control Engineering and Design Vender Order

  20. Building a Common Understanding Research Design Sales Complex Business Data Processing Accounting & Finance Production Personnel Charting Data Model Function Hierarchy Systems Analysis and Design

  21. Hardware People Processes Software Data Components of an Information System Information Systems

  22. The Data Centered Environment • Generation of documents • (TPS). • Summary, analysis chart • and report generation • (MIS). • What-if? analysis and • Decision supports • (DSS). • Information searching • and retrieving (DBMS). • Auditing Systems Data Creation Information Software DATA Computer Networks Data Updating People

  23. The Information Systems Pyramid Systems planning Systems Analysis Systems Design Systems Construction Data Processes

  24. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design CASE Tools Data Modeling Diagramming Tools Strategic Data Planning 4 GLs Structured Analysis Teleprocessing Monitors Structured Design DBMSs Structured Programming Interactive Debuggers Modular Programming On-line Editors Compilers Functional Decomposition Flow Charting Assemblers Methods Tools Systems Development

  25. Acronyms of Systems Analysts • Systems Designer. • Systems Engineer. • Systems Consultant. • Management Consultant. • Operations Analyst. • Information Analyst. • Data Analyst. • Business Analyst.

  26. People with Whom the Analyst Must Work Data Processing Vendors Steering Committee User 1 User 2 Applications Programmers User 3 Systems Programmers Database Administrator

  27. Systems Requirements Software Requirements Analysis Coding Testing Operations Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle Program Design

  28. Business Area Description Business Systems Specification User Procedures Operational Procedures Structured Systems Life Cycle - Information Engineering Information Strategy Planning ISP Business Strategy Planning Information Strategy Plan Business Area Analysis BAA Business Plan Business Systems Design BSD Technical Design TD Technical Systems Specification Construction Accepted Systems Transition Production

  29. Hierarchy of Business Objects • Enterprise. • Business Areas. • Subject Areas. • Entity Types. • Entity Subtypes. • Attributes.

  30. Requirements Analysis Structured Interviews Association Matrices Reengineering, JAD Network Modeling Repository Feasibility Analysis Architectural Selection RFP/RFQ Interface Design Prototyping Security and Control Design Network Installation Testing Training, Documentation Acceptance Testing Review Support People Network Process Modeling Decomp Context DFDs Process Specs SE/DTs Program Design SCs Programming Testing Installation Data Modeling Subject List ERDs DDs File & Database Design FDs Data Conversion Testing Installation SADT Roadmap Data Process Planning Analysis Design Implementation Support Technology Technology

  31. Purposes and Elements of ISP Analysis of goals and problems Link information technology planning to strategic business planning Analysis of critical success factor Analysis of technology impact Create an architecture framework that separately built systems can fit into I S P The strategic systems vision The overview model of the functions Entity relationship model

  32. Information Strategy Planning Enterprise Goals and Objectives Current Systems Strategic Environment Business Plan Management Interviews Planned Systems Procedures • Enterprise Model: • Business Goals. • Business Objectives. • Critical Success Factors. • Measurements. • Information Needs. • Organization Charts. • Planning and Control • Activities. • Develop Enterprise Model. • Information Resource • Assessment. • Develop Strategic • Architecture. • Identify Information Needs, • Assessment of Current • Environment: • Information Management. • Current Systems. • Current Projects. • User Problems & Needs. • Strategic Architecture: • Information Systems. • Business Systems. • Technical Systems.

  33. Information Strategy Planning - Project Tasks Current Environment Assessment Project Planning Initial Assessment Information Architecture Definition ISP Project Completion Business System Architecture Definition Technical Architecture Definition

  34. Assessing the Current Environment • Computer Equipment / Software: • Inventory. • Association matrices. • Assessment of Current Systems: • Functionality. • Technical quality. • Current Systems Analysis: • Application of assessments. • Environment matrices. • Current systems coverage map. • IS Organization Assessment: • Classification of the IS function. • Structure of the IS function.

  35. Thank You? Any Question?

  36. Project Planning Procedure Definition Confirmation Technical Design Planning Business Systems Design - Project Tasks Dialog Design Procedure Logic Design Layout Design

  37. A Business Model Activity Process Hierarchy Diagram Process Dependency Diagram Data Interaction Normalized Data Model Process Action Diagram

  38. Information Systems Software TQM System Planning Quality Policy Planning Feasibility Analysis House of Quality System Analysis Requirement Analysis Design Planning Top Level Design Process Planning System Design Detailed Design Operations Planning Coding Foolproof System Implementation Unit Test SPC Integration Acceptance QC Tools System Support ISO 9000 Systems vs Software Development

  39. Software Engineering Vs. Information Engineering Software Engineering: • Program design for specific systems. • Code optimization and structure. • Debugging, testing, and provability. • Maintenance and version control. Information Engineering: • Analysis and modeling the business. • Data sharing. • Mapping from analysis to design. • Generating codes. • Architecture for development coordination.

  40. ISP- Information Strategy Planning Activity Hierarchy Diagram Data Model Activity Hierarchy Diagram Data Model BAA - Business Area Analysis Process Action Diagram Activity Dependency Diagram BSD - Business Systems Design Procedure Action Diagram Screen Design Dialog Flow Diagram TD - Technical Design Data Structure List Data Store List Construction Program Data Base Information Engineering Flow

  41. Acronyms of Information Engineering • Information Engineering (IE). • Information Engineering Methodology (IEM). • Information Engineering Facility (IEF). • Information Engineering Workbench (IEW). • Application Development Workbench (ADW).

  42. Alternative Approaches to Information Engineering Classical IEM ISP BAA BSD TD CONS TRANS Business System Implementation ISP BAA Construction TRANS Rapid Application Development INS RP UD Construction CUT ISP : Information Strategy Planning . BAA: Business Area Analysis. BSD: Business Systems Design. TD: Technical Design. CONS: Construction. TRANS: Transition. INS: Information Needs Structuring. RP: Requirements Planning. UD: User Analysis and Design. CUT: Cut Over.

  43. Project Planning Confirmation Business System Definition Business Area Analysis - Project Tasks Data Analysis Interaction Analysis Activity Analysis Current Systems Analysis

  44. Toolkits for Business Area Analysis • Data Flow Diagram. • Entity Relationship Diagram. • Entity Hierarchy Diagram. • Process (Activity) Hierarchy Diagram. • Process (Activity) Dependency Diagram. • Process Action Diagram. • Structure Chart. • Matrix Processor.

  45. Hierarchy of Activities ABC Company Order Handling Take Order Monitor Order Activity Decomposition Chase Order

  46. Example of Activity Dependency Diagram End of Month Reviewed Inventory Event Purchase Order Details Review Inventory Place Order Store Inventory Details Inventory Control Distributor External Object External Object

  47. Example of Activity Dependency Diagram Shipment Arrives Event Receive Delivery Order Checked Check Against Order Receive Delivery Inspect Goods Receiving Details Delivery Details Supplier Receiving External Objects

  48. Toolkits for Business Systems Design • Dialog Flow Diagram. • Screen Design and Prototyping. • Window Design and Prototyping. • Procedure Action Diagram. • Structure Chart. • Data Structure Lists. • Data Store Lists.

  49. DB2 Database Other Relational DBMS’s IDMS Database Conceptual Data Model Network Model Other Network DBMS’s TOTAL Database Hierarchical Model Other Hierarchical DBMS’s Summary of Data Models Relational Model Logical Data Model Physical Data Model

  50. The Flow of Analysis and Design - IE Strategic Area Entity Relationship Diagram Function Decomposition Diagram Entity Relationship Diagram Process Decomposition Diagram Business Systems and Technical Architectures Business Area Process Action Diagrams Process Dependency Diagrams Procedure Action Diagrams Dialog Flow Diagram Screen Designer Design Area Data Structure Diagram

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