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Muscles of the Lower Extremities and Hip: Functional Anatomy

Explore the intricate details of muscles crossing the hip and knee joints, their movements, functions, and interactions, aiding in basic physiological understanding.

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Muscles of the Lower Extremities and Hip: Functional Anatomy

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  1. Muscles of the Body Part D • Adapted for H. Biology II 2014-2015 • Muscles of lower Extremities and Hip

  2. Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee Joints • Most anterior muscles flex the femur at the hip and extend the leg at the knee (foreswing of walking) • Most posterior muscles extend the thigh and flex the leg (backswing of walking) • Medial muscles all adduct the thigh • All three groups are enclosed by the fascia lata

  3. Movements of the Thigh • Include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation • Thigh flexors pass in front of the hip joint • Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major): prime mover of flexion • Tensor fasciae latae • Rectus femoris • Assisted by medial adductors and sartorius

  4. 12th thoracic vertebra 12th rib Quadratus lumborum Psoas minor Iliac crest Psoas major Iliopsoas Iliacus 5th lumbar vertebra Anterior superior iliac spine Tensor fasciae latae Pectineus Adductor longus Sartorius Gracilis Quadriceps femoris Adductor magnus • Rectus femoris • Vastus lateralis • Vastus medialis Tendon of quadriceps femoris Patella Patellar ligament (a) Figure 10.19a

  5. Movements of the Thigh • Thigh extensors • Hamstring muscles (prime movers of extension) • Biceps femoris • Semitendinosus • Semimembranosus • Gluteus maximus (prime mover during forceful extension)

  6. Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Gracilis Iliotibial tract Long head Biceps femoris Short head Hamstrings Semitendinosus Semimembranosus (a) Figure 10.20a

  7. Movements of the Thigh • Adductors (also medially rotate thigh) • Adductor magnus • Adductor longus • Adductor brevis • Pectineus • Gracilis

  8. Pectineus (cut) Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Adductor longus Femur O = origin I = insertion (b) Figure 10.19b

  9. Movements of the Thigh • Abductors • Gluteus maximus (also laterally rotates thigh) • Gluteus medius (also medially rotates thigh) • Gluteus minimus (also medially rotates thigh) • Piriformis (also laterally rotates thigh) • Obturator externus (also laterally rotates thigh) • Obturator internus (also laterally rotates thigh) • Gemellus (also laterally rotates thigh)

  10. Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus minimus Superior gemellus Piriformis Obturator internus Obturator externus Quadratus femoris Inferior gemellus Gluteus maximus (cut) (c) Figure 10.20c

  11. Muscles of the Thigh that Move the Knee Joint • Quadriceps femoris—sole extensor of the knee • Hamstring muscles—flex the knee, and are antagonists to the quadriceps femoris

  12. 12th thoracic vertebra 12th rib Quadratus lumborum Psoas minor Iliac crest Psoas major Iliopsoas Iliacus 5th lumbar vertebra Anterior superior iliac spine Tensor fasciae latae Pectineus Adductor longus Sartorius Gracilis Quadriceps femoris Adductor magnus • Rectus femoris • Vastus lateralis • Vastus medialis Tendon of quadriceps femoris Patella Patellar ligament (a) Figure 10.19a

  13. Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Gracilis Iliotibial tract Long head Biceps femoris Short head Hamstrings Semitendinosus Semimembranosus (a) Figure 10.20a

  14. Fascia of the Leg • A deep fascia of the leg is continuous with the fascia lata • This fascia segregates the leg into three compartments: anterior, lateral, and posterior • Distally, the fascia thickens and forms the flexor, extensor, and fibular retinaculae

  15. Muscles of the Leg: Movements • Various leg muscles produce the following movements • Ankle—dorsiflexion and plantar flexion • Intertarsal joints—inversion and eversion of the foot • Toes—flexion and extension

  16. Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Leg • Primary toe extensors and ankle dorsiflexors • Tibialis anterior • Extensor digitorum longus • Extensor hallucis longus • Fibularis tertius (not always present)

  17. Fibularis longus Gastrocnemius Tibia Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Soleus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius Superior and inferior extensor retinacula Extensor hallucis brevis Extensor digitorum brevis (a) Figure 10.21a

  18. Muscles of the Lateral Compartment ofthe Leg • Plantar flexion and eversion of the foot • Fibularis longus • Fibularis brevis

  19. Patella Head of fibula Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius Fibularis brevis Superior and inferior extensor retinacula Flexor hallucis longus Extensor hallucis brevis Fibular retinaculum Extensor digitorum brevis Lateral malleolus (a) 5th metatarsal Figure 10.22a

  20. Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Leg • Flexors of the foot and the toes • Gastrocnemius • Soleus • Plantaris • Popliteus • Tibialis posterior • Flexor digitorum longus • Flexor hallucis longus

  21. Plantaris Medial head Gastrocnemius Lateral head Tendon of gastrocnemius Calcaneal tendon Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Calcaneus (a) Superficial view of the posterior leg. Figure 10.23a

  22. Plantaris (cut) Gastrocnemius lateral head (cut) Popliteus Gastrocnemius medial head (cut) Soleus (cut) Tibialis posterior Fibula Fibularis longus Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tendon of tibialis posterior Fibularis brevis Medial malleolus Calcaneal tendon (cut) Calcaneus (c) The triceps surae has been removed to show the deep muscles of the posterior compartment. Figure 10.23c

  23. Major Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot • View the next five slides for a summary of the major actions of the muscles acting on the thigh, leg, and foot

  24. Hamstrings Adductors Vastus lateralis Femur Posterior compartment of thigh (flexes leg and extends thigh); innervation: tibial nerve (portion of sciatic nerve) Vastus intermedius Rectus femoris Vastus medialis (a) Posterior compartment muscles Anterior compartment muscle Medial compartment muscles of thigh and lateral compartment muscles of leg Medial compartment (adducts thigh); innervation: obturator nerve Anterior compartment (extends leg); innervated by femoral nerve (a) Muscles of the thigh Figure 10.25a

  25. Posterior compartment muscles Triceps surae Anterior compartment muscle Fibula Fibularis muscles Medial compartment muscles of thigh and lateral compartment muscles of leg Posterior compartment of leg (plantar flexes foot, flexes toes); innervated by tibial nerve (b) Tibialis anterior Tibia Lateral compartment of leg (plantar flexes and everts foot); innervation: superficial fibular nerve Anterior compartment of leg (dorsiflexes foot, extends toes); innervated by deep fibular nerve (b) Muscles of the leg Figure 10.25b

  26. Table 10.17 Part 1

  27. Table 10.17 Part 2

  28. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot • Help flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes • Support the arches of the foot along with some leg tendons • Extensor digitorum brevis—dorsal foot muscle that helps extend the toes

  29. Fibularis longus Gastrocnemius Tibia Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Soleus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius Superior and inferior extensor retinacula Extensor hallucis brevis Extensor digitorum brevis (a) Figure 10.21a

  30. Plantar Muscles • The plantar muscles occur in four layers • Superficial layer • Flexor digitorum brevis • Abductor hallucis • Abductor digiti minimi • Second layer • Flexor accessorius • Lumbricals

  31. Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Lumbricals Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor hallucis Flexor digitorum brevis Flexor accessorius Abductor digiti minimi Calcaneal tuberosity (a) First layer (plantar aspect) Figure 10.24a

  32. Lumbricals Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor hallucis longus tendon Flexor digitorum longus (tendon) Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor digiti minimi Flexor accessorius Fibularis longus (tendon) Flexor digitorum longus (tendon) Flexor hallucis longus (tendon) (b) Second layer (plantar aspect) Figure 10.24b

  33. Plantar Muscles 3. Third layer • Flexor hallucis brevis • Adductor hallucis • Flexor digiti minimi brevis 4. Deepest layer • Plantar and dorsal interossei

  34. Adductor hallucis (transverse head) Adductor hallucis (oblique head) Interosseous muscles Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Fibularis longus (tendon) Flexor accessorius Flexor digitorum longus (tendon) Flexor hallucis longus (tendon) (c) Third layer (plantar aspect) Figure 10.24c

  35. Plantar interossei (d) Fourth layer (plantar aspect): plantar interossei Figure 10.24d

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