English 7CP Mr. Snow

1. PUNCTUATION:Underlining (Italics), Quotation Marks, Apostrophes, Hyphens, Parentheses, Dashes, & Brackets(WHEW!) English 7CP Mr. Snow

2. Underlining (Italics) • Italics look like this. • Underlining looks like this. • When using italics or underlining, use one or the other. Do not use both. They mean exactly the same thing. • When you write or use a typewriter, use underlining. It’s much easier. • When you use a computer, use italics. It looks cleaner and better.

3. These glasses are just delicious! Underlining (Italics): Uses • A. Use underlining (italics) for titles of books, plays, periodicals, films, television series, works of art, and long musical works. • A periodical is a newspaper or magazine.

4. Underlining (Italics): Uses • Books: 1984, Crime and Punishment • Plays: Hamlet, Romeo & Juliet • Periodicals: The LA Times, Newsweek • Films: V for Vendetta, The Lion King • Television Series: Family Guy, ESPN Sports Center • Works of Art: The Dream, Mona Lisa • Long Musical Works: Phantom of the Opera, American Idiot

5. Underlining (Italics): Uses • B. Use underlining (italics) for the names of ships, trains, aircraft, and spacecraft. • Ships: HMS Titanic, the Pequod • Trains: Golden Arrow, Polar Express • Aircraft: the Hindenburg, Spirit of St. Louis • Spacecraft: Sputnik, Challenger

6. Underlining (Italics): Misc. • C. Use underlining (italics) for words, letters, and numerals referred to as such. • There are three a’s in banana. • How do you say duck in French? • You write very messy 8’s. • These letters, words, and numerals are being use as letters, words, and numerals, not as objects. • We are not talking about a literal duck… • We are talking about the word duck.

7. Quotation Marks • Quotation marks look like this: “This sentence is in quotation marks.” • Sometimes they are referred to simply as quotes. “You can quote me on that!” “I’d rather not!”

8. Quotation Marks: Quotes • D. Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation. • A direct quotation is a person’s exact words. • Then Clint Eastwood says, “Go ahead…make my day.” • “When the bell rings,” said the teacher, “leave the room quietly.” • Do not enclose an indirect quotation. • Then Clint Eastwood tells the guy to make his day. • The teacher told us to leave quietly when the bell rings.

9. Quotation Marks: Quotes • E. A direct quotation generally begins with a capital letter. • Lisa said, “The food isn’t ready yet.” • F. When an expression identifying the speaker interrupts the quote, the second part of the quote begins with a lowercase letter. • “When the bell rings,” said the teacher, “exit the room quietly.”

10. Quotation Marks: Quotes • When the second part of this broken quotation is a separate sentence, capitalize it. • “I can’t go today,” I said. “Ask me tomorrow.” • Each of these quotes is its own sentence. • “I can’t go today,” I said, “but you can ask tomorrow.” • This is one sentence that is broken up.

11. Quotation Marks: Quotes • G. You can set off a direct quote from the rest of the sentence by using commas, question marks, or exclamation points, but not a period. • “I think this is interesting,” said Bernie. • “Yes,” Juan said, “I agree.” • “Is that a good video game?” she asked. • “Yes, it’s my favorite!” he responded. • Notice that no capital is needed after the quote even if it ends in a ? or !

12. Quotation Marks: Quotes • H. A comma or period always goes within the quotation marks. • “The exhibit is over there,” she told us. • Betty said, “I love these statues.”

13. Quotation Marks: Quotes • I. A question mark or exclamation point should only be inside the quotation marks if it is part of the original quote. Otherwise, place it outside. • “How far is it?” he asked. • Who said, “Give me liberty or give me death”? • “Jump!” he yelled. • I’m so mad that she said, “Go away”!

14. Quotation Marks: Quotes • J. When writing dialogue (a conversation), begin a new paragraph each time the speaker changes. • K. When a quote is several sentences long, only use beginning and ending quotation marks. • “We’ll meet you there. We’re running a bit late. There is a lot of traffic. Sorry about that,” said Jerry.

15. Quotation Marks: Quotes • L. Use single quotation marks to enclose a quote within a quote. • Brandon said, “My mom always says, ‘Look before you leap.’” • “Did Mrs. Neuman really say, ‘You can use your books on your test’?” asked Sakura. • Notice the placement of the question mark. Mrs. Neuman’s statement wasn’t the question, so it doesn’t go inside those single quotes. Sakura asked the question.

16. Quotation Marks: Uses • M. Use quotation marks to enclose titles of short works such as short stories, poems, songs, episodes of a TV series, essays, articles, and chapters or other sections of a book.

17. Quotation Marks: Uses • Short stories: “Duffy’s Jacket,” “Rikki-tikki-tavi” • Poems: “I’m Nobody,” “Birdfoot’s Grampa” • Songs: “America the Beautiful,” “A Hard Rain’s A-Gonna Fall” • Episodes of TV shows: “This Side of Paradise,” “The Soup Nazi”

18. Quotation Marks: Uses • Essays: “Self-Reliance,” “The Creative Process” • Articles: “Annie Leibovitz: Behind the Images,” “Bush Quells GOP Revolt” • Chapters and parts of books: “The Natural World,” “The Myths of Greece and Rome,” “The Face Off”

19. Question Marks • So think of it this way: We use underlining or italics for large works, and we use “quotation marks” for any sections that might be contained in the large works.

20. Quotation Marks • Books  “Short stories,” “Poems,” “Essays,” “Chapters/sections” • Plays • Periodicals “Articles” • Films • TV Series  “Episodes” • Works of art • Long musical works  “Songs”

21. Apostrophes • Apostrophes look like this: ’ • The possessive case shows ownership (remember that?) • N. To form the possessive case of a singular noun, add an apostrophe and an s. • a boy’s hat • the baby’s toy • Charles’s opinion

22. Apostrophes: Possession • O. To form the possessive of a plural noun not ending in s, add an apostrophe and an s. • mice’s tracks • children’s games • men’s hats • teeth’s enamel

23. Apostrophes: Possession • P. To form the possessive of a plural noun that ends in s, add only an apostrophe. • cats’ basket • brushes’ bristles • four days’ delay • the Carsons’ bungalow

24. Apostrophes: Possession • Q. Do not use an apostrophe with possessive personal pronouns. • Is that yours or mine? • Ours is friendlier than theirs. • His report was as good as hers. • R. To form the possessive of some indefinite pronouns, use an apostrophe and s. • Neither’s homework - someone’s coat • Everyone’s choice - anything’s cost

25. A QUICK NOTE… • In general, do not use an apostrophe to make a plural, or Mr. Snow will hunt you down like a wild dog. • I love my dog’s • I love my dogs. • There is one exception to this rule, however…

26. Apostrophes: Plurals • S. Use an apostrophe to form the plurals of letters, numerals, and symbols, and of words referred to as such. • Your o’s look like a’s. • Try to use &’s instead of +’s • There are three 5’s and 8’s in my telephone number. • You use far too many like’s and um’s when speaking.

27. Apostrophes: Contractions • T. Use an apostrophe to show where letters, words, or numerals have been left out in a contraction. • they had = they’d - I am = I’m • where is = where’s - 1999 = ’99 • let us = let’s - we are = we’re • of the clock = o’clock - he is = he’s • she would = she’d - you will = you’ll • we have = we’ve - what is = what’s • they are = they’re - I would = I’d

28. A QUICK NOTE… • Don’t confuse a contraction with a possessive. • It’s Friday. [it is] • Its nest fell down [possessive] • Who’s there? [who is] • Whose coat is this? [possessive] • They’re coming soon [they are] • Their dog is nice. [possessive] • There’s the path [there is] • That tree is theirs. [possessive]

29. Hyphens: Dividing • Hyphens look like this: - • U. Use a hyphen to divide a word at the end of a line. • Will you help Margaret set the silver- ware on the table? • Divide a word only between syllables. • Bes- ide • Be- side

30. Hyphens: Dividing • Do not divide a one-syllable word. • Exercise is helpful to develop bodily stre- ngth. • Exercise is helpful to develop bodily strength. • Do not divide a word so that one letter stands by itself. • The seating capacity of the arena is e- normous. • The seating capacity of the arena is enor- mous.

31. Hyphens: Numbers • V. Use a hyphen with compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine and with fractions used as adjectives. • thirty-five • eighty-nine • The amount was two thirds. [no hyphen; not an adj.] • It was a two-thirds majority. [used as an adjective]

32. Hyphens: Affixes • W. Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex–, self–, all– and great– and with the suffixes –elect and –free. • ex-girlfriend – self-respect • all-knowing – great-aunt • president-elect – caffeine-free

33. Parentheses • Parentheses look like this: ( ) • X. Use parentheses to enclose material that is added to a sentence but is not considered of major importance. • Emilio Alguinaldo (1869-1964) was a Filipino statesman. • Mom and Dad bought a kilim (pronounced ki - lëm’) rug from our Turkish friend Ali.

34. Parentheses • Material in parentheses can be as short as one word or as long as a sentence. • Please be quiet during the performance. (Take crying babies to the lobby.) • Jack Echohawk (he’s Ben’s cousin) told us about growing up on the reservation. • Notice that a parenthetical sentence within a sentence is not capitalized and has no end mark.

35. Brackets • Brackets look like this: [ ] • Y. Use brackets to enclose an explanation added to material already in quotation marks or parentheses. • Elena said, “I am honored by this [the award], and I thank you.” • The council approved the petition. (See next page for a map [Diagram A] of the proposed area.)

36. Parenthetical expressions • A parenthetical expression is a word, phrase, or sentence that breaks into the main thought of a sentence. • These are usually set off with commas or parentheses. • Grandma Moses, for example, started painting in her seventies. • In the first act of the play, the butler (Theo Karras) was the detective’s prime suspect.

37. Dashes • Sometimes stronger emphasis is called for, and this is where we use a dash. • A dash looks like this: — • Z. Use a dash to indicate an abrupt break into thought or speech. • The right thing to do—I know it will be hard to do—is to apologize. • “Do you think Anne will mind—mind very much, I mean—if I borrow her sunglasses?” asked Melody.

38. FIN