LEONTIEF CENTRE, St. Petersburg CORRUPTION: PERCEPTION vs. EXPERIENCE IN RUSSIA

1. 1 LEONTIEF CENTRE, St. Petersburg CORRUPTION: PERCEPTION vs. EXPERIENCE IN RUSSIA Professor RICHARD ROSE FBA Director, Centre for the Study of Public Policy From 1.1.12 U. of Strathclyde, Glasgow email: prof_r_rose@yahoo.co.uk www.abdn.ac.uk/cspp Thursday, 10 November 2012 16-30 pm

2. 2 IMPORTANT DISTINCTIONS ♦DEPARTURES FROM FORMAL NORMS. E..g. breaking bureaucratic rules (favouritism to friends) or illegal behaviour, e.g. embezzlement, bribery. A broad definition of corruption is that it involves bribery, the exchange of money to secure a personal benefit through illegal or unbureaucratic activity. ♦BRIBERY can be payment for WHOLESALE benefits (e.g. the right to exploit mineral resources, a contract for building a major highway) or RETAIL benefits (an individual getting a hospital operation or police ignoring a speeding violation). ♦MEASURES. Perception of Corruption Index (www.transparency.org) 'What would you do if..' scenarios are also used. Experience of corruption increasingly seen as important: e.g. Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer.

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4. 4 NATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION OF CORRUPTION Transparency International Corruption Index Old EU members New EU members 10 Highest integrity Denmark, Finland 9.4 Sweden 9.3 Netherlands 9.0 Luxembourg, United Kingdom 8.4 Austria 8.1 Germany 7.8 OLD EU 15 MEAN 7.6 Ireland 7.5 France 7.3 Belgium 7.1 Spain 6.7 Portugal 6.5 Italy 3.9 Greece 3.5 6.6 Slovenia 6.5 Estonia 5.8 Malta 5.3 Hungary, Cyprus 5.2 Czech Republic 5.0 NEW EU MEAN 4.9 Slovakia 4.8 Latvia, Lithuania 4.2 Poland 3.7 Romania 3.6 Bulgaria 2.1 RUSSIA 1 Most corrupt Source: Transparency International, TI Corruption Perceptions Index 2007, www.transparency.org. Accessed 20 May 2008. Ratings 2010 for Russia, Greece, Italy, Bulgaria and Romania; other countries Transparency International Perception of Corruption Index 2007.

5. 5 PERCEPTION OF CORRUPTION GREATER THAN EXPERIENCE OF BRIBERY Q. To what extent do you see the following institutions as affected by corruption? Q. In dealing with any of these institutions in the past two years, was it necessary for you or anyone in your household to give a bribe? Source: Centre for the Study of Public Policy, New Russia Barometer XV, 13-24 April 2007. Number of respondents: 1,606

6. 6 HYPOTHESES ABOUT WHY RUSSIANS PAY BRIBES SERVICES DIFFER. Bribery varies with characteristics of the services that public officials provide. CAPACITY OR VULNERABILITY. Paying bribes differs with individual income or vulnerability to exploitation. CONTACT. Bribe-paying varies with individual contact with public services. EVERYBODY IS DOING IT. The more corruption is perceived as normal, the more likely individuals are to pay bribes.

7. 7 INFLUENCES ON PAYING BRIBES

8. 8 INFLUENCES ON PERCEPTION OF CORRUPTION

9. 9 CONSEQUENCES FOR REGIME SUPPORT

10. 10 IMPLICATIONS ♦LEVELS OF CORRUPTION DIFFER BY CONTEXT. Post-Soviet countries perceived as more corrupt than: Ex-Communist bloc countries of Central & Eastern Europe now in EU Ex-African colonies of Britain ♦WHATEVER THE LEVEL, CONTACT WITH PUBLIC OFFICIALS MATTERS MOST Can contacts be made more rule-bound, fairer? ♦BRIBERY VARIES WITH SERVICES Bribery more common for people as citizens than as consumers