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Periods of English

Periods of English. Old English (ca. 450-1100): Beowulf 1066: Norman Conquest of England Middle English (ca. 1100-1500): Chaucer 1476: First book printed in England 1485: Battle of Bosworth Field (beginning of Tudor monarchy)

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Periods of English

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  1. Periods of English • Old English (ca. 450-1100): Beowulf 1066: Norman Conquest of England • Middle English (ca. 1100-1500): Chaucer 1476: First book printed in England 1485: Battle of Bosworth Field (beginning of Tudor monarchy) • Early Modern English (ca. 1500-1700): Shakespeare, Spenser, Milton • Modern English (ca. 1700-present)

  2. The Anglo-Saxon Migrations

  3. Anglo-Saxon England

  4. Viking Ship

  5. Æþelræd Unræd Noble Counsel “No Counsel” Ethelred the Unready

  6. Bayeux Tapestry: hic residet harold rex anglorum stigant arhcieps/ (here sits Harold, King of the English; Archbishop Stigan)

  7. Bayeux Tapestry: harold rex interfectus est (King Harold gets killed)

  8. Bayeux Tapestry: Isti mirant stella (they wonder at the star)

  9. Pre-Christian Germanic Vocabulary • OE geol Yule → Christmas • OE eostor Easter (Lat. Pascha, Fr. Paques) • Tuesday (Tiw = Mars) Fr. Mardi • Wednesday (Woden = Mercury) Fr. Mercredi • Thursday (Thor = Jove) Fr. Jeudi • Friday (Frigg = Venus) Fr. Vendredi

  10. Ruthwell Cross

  11. Sutton Hoo Ship Burial

  12. Sutton Hoo Shield Mount

  13. Sutton Hoo Helmet

  14. Sutton Hoo Belt Buckle

  15. Anglo-Saxon Brooch

  16. Anglo-Saxon Coin with King Edwin

  17. Anglo-Saxon Coin with King Æthelræd

  18. The Anglo-Saxon Futhark (Runic Alphabet)

  19. Scandinavian Sinker with Runes

  20. 10th-century glossary: fish and insects (Latin/English)

  21. Anglo-Saxon glossed manuscript (Latin script, Old English gloss (fuisse, werun, were; euangelia, godspellas, gospels)

  22. Lindisfarne Gospels Carpet Page

  23. Lindisfarne Gospels: Gospel of St. Matthew (Liber Generationis)

  24. The Alfred Jewel ælfred mec heht gewyrhtan (Alfred had me made)

  25. The Exeter Book(late 10th c.)

  26. Junius Manuscript (ca. 1000)

  27. The Harley Psalter (early 11th century)

  28. Old English Literature • Sermons, homilies, saints’ lives • Laws • Medical and magical texts • Scientific and mathematical texts • Misc. (travel literature, animals, etc.) • Poetry (5% of literature)

  29. Genres of Old English Poetry • Heroic/Germanic past – heroism, loyalty – Beowulf, a few others, battle-poems • Christian poetry – Christ as hero – saints’ lives – heofonrices weard, wealdend • Old Testament narrative poetry – Genesis, Exodus, Daniel • lore and wisdom – maxims, proverbs, gnomes, riddles • elegies – sad, mournful, meditative • misc.: hymns, psalms, prayers, Apostles’ Creed, Soul and Body, Judgment Day, animal descriptions, Death of Edgar, etc.

  30. Germanic Languages

  31. Old English Inflections

  32. Hwæt, we Gardena in geardagum, þeodcyninga, þrym gefrunon, Hu ða æþelingas ellen gefremedon. Oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum, monegum mægþum, meodosetla ofteah, egsode eorlas. Syððan ærest wearð feasceaft funden, he þæs frofre gebad, weox under wolcnum weorðmyndum þah, oðþæt him æghwylc þara ymbsittendra ofer hronrade hyran scolde, gomban gyldan. Þæt wæs god cyning! So. The Spear-Danes in days gone by and the kings who ruled them had courage and greatness. We have heard of those princes’ heroic campaigns. There was Shield Sheafson, scourge of many tribes, a wrecker of mead-benches, rampaging among foes. This terror of the hall-troops had come far. A foundling to start with, he would flourish later on as his powers waxed and his worth was proved. In the end each clan on the outlying coasts beyond the whale-road had to yield to him and begin to pay tribute. That was one good king.

  33. Contents of Cotton Vitellius A.XV • The Passion of St. Christopher (saint’s life) • The Wonders of the East (marvelous narrative) • The Letter of Alexander to Aristotle (lore and wisdom) • Beowulf • Judith (poem about the Old Testament heroine)

  34. The Language of Beowulf: Repetition and Variation Levels: • sub-verbal (alliteration, assonance, dissonance, rhyme) • Words, compounds, phrases, paragraphs, themes • Structure of the poem • ‘verse-paragraphs’ (repetition of sounds, words, or phrases at beginning or end - ‘envelope-pattern’) • Proverb or gnomic expression (‘gnome’)

  35. Terms of Warrior Society Hlaford (lord) Þegn (thane, retainer, warrior, noble) Beaggyfa (ring-giver; 1102) Helm (helmet, protector, lord; 371, 456, and 6 other times) Gifts Example passages: ll. 1010-1048, 607- 628, 1168-1190, 1215-1231

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