Obesity

1. Index Obesity What can we learn from our past? By Andrea Hrysoulakis, Charlie Irwin and Matt Cormack.

2. How had the ideal body image change over the years? • What are the obesity rates in Australia? • What can we learn from the past? • References 1 • References 2 • References 3 • References 4 • References 5 • References 6 • References 7 • References 8 Index • What is obesity? • What is BMI? • Has it increased over the years? • What is the problem with obesity? - heart attacks - Strokes - Diabetes - Depression • What has changed? - lifestyle - media - exercise - food intake • What is the government doing about obesity?Government recommendations • What is work life like? • What is easier - diet or exercise? - Diet - Exercise • What impact does obesity have on our bodies?

3. Index What is obesity? Obesity is when you have a large accumulation of unused fat stored in your body and is a type of medical condition. Obesity has the potential to cause debilitating and life threatening conditions and diseases. If a person has a BMI of 30 or more, they are classified as being obese. This all contributes to obesity being an epidemic in Australia and Worldwide.

4. Index What is BMI? BMI is a term which represents Body Mass Index. You can calculate you BMI by using the equation: weight(kg) ÷ height (cm) ² (squared). A healthy BMI is between 19 and 24. An overweight BMI is between 25 and 29, and an obsess BMI is 30 or above. Although BMI is not a great way to indicate whether a person is overweight, obese, healthy or underweight. It is not always accurate and indicated a muscular person to be overweight or obese. If you combine the BMI test with other tests your result will be more accurate, these tests include the pinch test and the waist line test.

5. Index Has it increased over the years? Obesity has been increasing so rapidly for the last few years for a few reasons. One of the major issues is transport. Since the first car was made, the cars have been upgrading and more roads have been placed in our communities. Trains and trams are also a very commonly used accessory to transportation. So, now people, instead of walking or riding their bikes to get to their destinations, now we use cars and other means of transportation to travel to our desired destination. Another aspect of the increase of obesity is the price and availability of foods. Foods are more affordable, especially food companies such as McDonalds and Hungry Jacks. Food is also now processed and this makes our food even unhealthier than ever.

6. Index Has it increased over the years? Cont. The media also has a large impact on what foods you put into your mouth. Advertisements make the foods look good and healthy, but what they don’t show on the screen is the amount of calories and fats in the product. The advertisements make you think that the food product is a good option when you are driving home, but it would do you no good. The people you have around you are also an important part of the increase. If the people in your family eat these fast foods on a regular basis and or overweight or obese, then it is most likely that you will also eat these foods. These are a few suggestions why obesity has increased in the past years.

7. Index What is the problem with obesity? A major problem with obesity are the problems that it causes diseases and disabilities. Obesity can cause many diseases and disabilities such as heart attacks, strokes, diabetes and depression. When you are affected from these things it can lower your self-esteem, which would make you want to be shut off from everyone else. Being obese and also having suffering from these problems can make someone feel like they are less important then everyone else.

8. Index Heart attacks Obese people are most at risk from suffering from heart attacks because your cholesterol clogs up your arteries and oxygen and blood cannot get to the area. If blood and oxygen does not reach the area then the area blocked will begin to die. This will cause your heart to fail.

9. Index Strokes A stroke is classified as a medical emergency and may cause permanent damage to your body and brain. Strokes can lead to disabilities and sometimes can result in death. Strokes are put into two main categories. One of these categories is ischemic. Ischemic strokes are cause by disruption of blood supply to the brain. There are 4 reasons why an ischemic may occur. There could be a thrombosis, which occurs when there is a barrier in a blood vessel by a blood clot creating in the area. The second reason is an Embolism. An embolism is active when there is a barrier to an embolus in another part of the body. The third reason is systemic hypo perfusion which is an overall reduction in the blood supply such as when someone gets a shock. The final reason is venous thrombosis which is a result of thrombosis and empties the brain of blood. Another category of strokes is haemorrhagic. A haemorrhagic is any build-up of blood anywhere in the skull. A stroke has very specific symptoms like headaches. These symptoms can last from seconds to minutes, but no longer. The symptoms can vary depending on what part of the brain is affected. The amount of the brain damaged will be dependent on how close to the brain the clog is and how long it is clogging the arteries, or how much blood is in the skull.

10. Index Diabetes The type of diabetes that is related to obesity is type 2. Type 2 diabetes is intensely connected with being overweight, obese and physically sluggish. You can prevent type 2 diabetes but is unable for curing. You should manage it for the duration of your life by exercising regularly, eat healthy foods, burn off unneeded weight and use prescription medicines. When you have type 2 diabetes, you should talk to your doctor, a diabetes educator and a practising dietician for advise and help.

11. Index Depression Obesity may be caused by depression. People who are depressed may think that it is easier to just eat away the pain, but that is not the right thing to do. When people are depressed they seek food for comfort, but this will only make them gain weight. People also get depressed when they are obese because they feel like they don’t fit in. If someone is obese and they are surrounded by people who are not obese, they may feel out of place and depressed that they don’t belong with them. being obese can make you feel less satisfied with your body and make you feel insecure.

12. Index What has changed?Lifestyle Lifestyles in the 1900s were very different to what we live like now. In the 1900’s people would grow their own foods, now we get them from the supermarket. People would walk or ride their bikes to where they wanted to go, but now we use cars, trains, trams, planes and buses to travel to our desired destination. We now have more technology so after school, instead of going for a run, we go straight for the couch or television. We have become such a lazy society and have become too involved in our phones and computers that we just don’t have the time for exercise like we did in the 1900’s.

13. Index Media The media has a large impact on what we eat. Commercials are a type of media that lasts 24/7 and makes you have their product on your mind. Food companies use commercials to make their product look tasty and healthy. They do this by saying things like: ‘only $4.95’, also they have food artist that arrange the products in a way that makes them look cheap and affordable. Foods in the 1900’s were not advertised in the media as frequently as they are now. The media did not have a very large impact compared to what it has now.

14. Index Exercise A major factor of obesity revolves around exercise. There has been a large decrease in exercise since the 1900’s. A major change which contributes to a lack of exercise is transportation. Cars have been upgrading for years, ever since the very first car was made. They have become more affordable and more roads have been placed in our communities. Trains and trams are also a very commonly used as transportation to get to work. So, now people, instead of using bikes or walking to get where they want to end up, we use cars and other kinds of transportation to travel to our desired destination.

15. Index Food intake Food has been changing rapidly, not just in price, but in proportion. Since the 1900’s price of food has become more affordable and the quantity has increased. Foods are more affordable, especially food companies such as McDonalds, KFC and Hungry Jacks. Food is also now processed and this makes our food even unhealthier than ever. The media also has a large impact on what foods you put into your mouth. Advertisements make the foods look good and healthy, but what they don’t show on the screen is the amount of calories and fats in the product. The advertisements make you think that the food product is a good option when you are driving home, but it would do you no good. In the 1900’s there was no media to advertise foods as often as what they do now. People would grow their own fruits and vegetables instead of buying junk foods. The proportions of foods was smaller and this helped prevent obesity.

16. Index What is the government doing about obesity?Government recommendations The government has started a program in New South Wales called Live Life Well at School. In this program the government aims to get children to: -Drinking water instead of sugary drinks such as soft drinks. • -Eating more fruit and vegetables • -Getting active through exercise • -Eating less snacks-Making snacks healthy • -Exercise for an hour a day The government is also responsible for initiatives such as: -Get set 4 Life - Habits for Healthy Kids • -The Stephanie Alexander Kitchen Garden National Program • -Healthy Spaces and Places • -Community and Schools Grants Program • -Learning from Successful Community Obesity Initiative • -Healthy Weight information and resources • -How do you measure up?

17. Index What is work life like? Work used to be all done by hand in the 1900’s. There were no machines to do all of the hard work that we struggled with and instead were done by groups of strong men, like making clothes and cars. All of the planting crops were done by hand, so was the building of houses and digging. In modern work day we have machines to do all of the work we find hard or uneasy, we have machines to do most of our work that we simply cannot be bothered with doing ourselves. We don’t have to lift heavy objects, because we can use cranes. We don’t have to dig, because we have excavators. So we have now become an extremely lazy community compared to our past. This allows us to be able to sit behind a table and do paper work or use computers and in return we don’t get do any hard physical work so we don’t become stronger.

18. Index What is easier - diet or exercise?Diet Diet would be easier than exercise because you are able to still obtain your day-to-day life. All you have to do is cut down on the unhealthy foods and eventually switch to a healthier meal. Although, just saying that you will eat a healthier diet and become more active is easier than actually doing it and becoming healthier. It is hard to change your diet because you might not be able to mentally handle a change. Some people hire personal trainers for encouragement and motivation. Having someone else telling you what to do is better than telling yourself because it is easy to give up on yourself but when someone else helps you, you feel like you can achieve your goal.

19. Index Exercise Exercise is also thought as being an easy option for losing weight because you are taking off the weight a lot quicker than dieting. People also hire personal trainers for exercise. Again it is the same sort of problem with the diet. It is mainly psychological, so people put it in their minds that they cannot do anything about their appearance. The end result is that a combination of dieting and exercising is the quickest and most efficient way to lose weight and become a healthier person.

20. Index What impact does obesity have on our bodies? Obesity has a very bit impact on our bodies, it can potentially cause a wide range of debilitating and life threatening conditions and diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, cancers, osteoarthritis, kidney disease, gall bladder disease, respiratory and musculoskeletal problems. In addition to that it leads to low self-esteem, social discrimination and contributed to mental illnesses.

21. Index How had the ideal body image changed over the years? In the 1900’s the ideal body image was that both men and women were very skinny and shapeless. In the 1920’s the ideal body image for women was more mannish. The waist was gone, the bust was gone, the hair was shorter and the shoulders were broader.In the 1950’s the ideal body image for women was an hourglass figure. Women wanted to show off the curves that they had previously tried to hide and flatten. In the 1960’s the ideal body image for women was a thin and shapeless figure with as little curves as possible. In the 2000’s the ideal body image for female models are now thinner than the average women. This puts great pressure on the average women because they are more overweight and obese than ever before. Male models also put pressure on men because they all have the ideal image of being slim and muscular. Both genders feel pressured by the media to become muscular and slim.Magazines, media and models make girls feel pressured about their body image.Ads make women fear that they are old, chubby or unattractive. This leads to women trying to have an extremely thin body like the models shown on television and billboards. Men are willing to risk their health to achieve a well-built body that is the media’s standard of an attractive and desirable man.

22. Index What are the obesity rates in Australia? Since 1950 there has been an increasing amount of nutritional information available to the public and is approximately doubling every seven years. Yet from 1950-2000 the obesity rate rose by two hundred and fourteen per cent but they have had more information about weight and nutrition available. In the early 1900’s only one in one hundred and fifty people were obese. In the 1950’s less than approximately 10 per cent of the population was classified obese or overweight. At the moment, in Australia, around 60% of Australians are overweight or obeseThe overweight and obesity rates according to the Body Mass Index (BMI) shows that:In 1951 to 1960: 33.0 per cent of people were overweight and 9.7 per cent were obese.In 1961 to 1970: 39.5 per cent of people were overweight and 11.3 per cent were obese.In 1971 to 1980: 46.0 per cent of people were overweight and 14.4 per cent were obese.In 1981 to 1990: 56.0 per cent of people were overweight and 23.0 per cent were obese.In 1991 to 2000: 64.5 per cent of people were overweight and 30.5 per cent were obese.In 1960 men consumed approximately 2200 calories each day. In 2000 men consumed approximately 2700 calories each day.In 1960 women consumed approximately 1500 calories each day.In 2000 women consumed approximately 1950 calories each day.

23. Index What can we learn from our past? The foods that we eat now are far larger and extremely fattier than in the 1900’s. we are always making foods taste better, even if it means putting more fats and sugars into them. Our weight has changed very rapidly and is heading for the worst. We have become a very fat and lazy nation. We never had any type of transportation other than bikes and walking, now we use cars, trains, trams and planes to get anywhere and everywhere. We are not walking as much and people becoming obese. Even when we work we sit behind a desk and let machines do the hard work, instead of doing things manually. From our past, we can learn that people are always changing their minds. That there is no certain image that will stay with us forever. We are always getting different trends and we can’t tell what will happen next.

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25. References http://www.healthyplace.com/eating-disorders/main/what-is-body-image-and-how-do-you-improve-it/menu-id-58/ 18/2/2011 1:00pm http://www.living-family-history.com/1950s.html 21/2/2011 11:45 http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/HeartAttack/HeartAttack_WhatIs.html 23/2/2011 12:20 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke#Classification 23/2/2011 1:00 http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Diabetes_Type_2 24/2/2011 10:35 http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/ 24/2/2011 10:35Title: Healthy weight for adult and older AustraliansAuthor: paper-based publicationsDate: 2006 Title: Healthy Weight 2008Author: Australia’s FutureDate: 2003

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28. References http://www.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect6_files/weavingmill.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.stormfront.org/forum/t662599-14/&usg=__9YIFWvJxcU7OAq8pxScNjbJq-NU=&h=308&w=430&sz=26&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=-9cwhWXV45FMFM:&tbnh=136&tbnw=192&ei=7FJmTd67PIGycLaVvKAL&prev=/images%3Fq%3D1900%2527s%2Bfactories%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D567%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=324&vpy=79&dur=2344&hovh=190&hovw=265&tx=110&ty=136&oei=7FJmTd67PIGycLaVvKAL&page=1&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0 24/2/2011 7:25pm http://www.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://sacramentotechnologypro.com/HelpDesk_Girl.jpg&imgrefurl=http://sacramentotechnologypro.com/&usg=__1RmsaL4m10gVlhTjRaJNcIi3mZM=&h=1572&w=1221&sz=831&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=_iqibdpinOobzM:&tbnh=140&tbnw=109&ei=NFNmTf25AqDXcIea_KIL&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddesk%2Bgirl%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D567%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=642&vpy=201&dur=5000&hovh=255&hovw=198&tx=103&ty=221&oei=NFNmTf25AqDXcIea_KIL&page=1&ndsp=14&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0 24/2/2011 7:35pm http://www.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://www.navymats.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Running-on-the-treadmill.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.navymats.org/treadmill-exercise-how-to-use-a-treadmill-safety&usg=__2Dpi0-2f_WqWinA8XmZqTWJFwh0=&h=314&w=338&sz=58&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=6c0pw9YdlTSCJM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=135&ei=mFNmTcLUOsOycPmr4ZQL&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtreadmill%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D567%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=117&vpy=96&dur=4266&hovh=216&hovw=233&tx=98&ty=130&oei=mFNmTcLUOsOycPmr4ZQL&page=1&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0 24/2/2011 7:40pm http://www.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/818785/2/istockphoto_818785-sexy-man-body.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-photo-818785-sexy-man-body.php&usg=__ifhzyxH_HnRBbjbE_RXcFU6EsK8=&h=380&w=374&sz=30&hl=en&start=35&zoom=1&tbnid=MDYxcD8MpQCaSM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=116&ei=71NmTaL4GpG3cbHD2Y4M&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbody%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D567%26tbs%3Disch:10%2C812&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=481&vpy=230&dur=2437&hovh=226&hovw=223&tx=136&ty=191&oei=5FNmTcbgGceVcf-zoKML&page=3&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:35&biw=1003&bih=567 24/2/2011 7:45pm

29. References http://www.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://cdn2.iofferphoto.com/img/item/144/414/943/6qHs.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ioffer.com/c/Photographic-Images-1003480/vintage%2Bsnapback%2Bhats&usg=__oiE6xfLBJm5fFyvzKNdKDvCMPxU=&h=1023&w=819&sz=55&hl=en&start=0&zoom=0&tbnid=WW9pcHnmtGb8nM:&tbnh=140&tbnw=110&ei=LFRmTZrpN8f0cOW0-KEL&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbody%2Bimage%2B1900%2527s%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D567%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=142&vpy=100&dur=1750&hovh=150&hovw=120&tx=86&ty=122&oei=LFRmTZrpN8f0cOW0-KEL&page=1&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0 24/2/2011 7:50 http://www.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/7992460/2/istockphoto_7992460-woman-measuring-her-waist.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.istockphoto.com/file_closeup/people/7992460-woman-measuring-her-waist.php%3Fid%3D7992460&usg=__UJaSrimAAoZ87IQcQWMY6qMFg5Q=&h=253&w=380&sz=41&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=a4SU2elTRKRTqM:&tbnh=143&tbnw=206&ei=fFRmTY7GMcG2cYrdxI4M&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbody%2Bimage%2B2000%2527s%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D567%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=702&vpy=230&dur=719&hovh=183&hovw=275&tx=168&ty=104&oei=XVRmTeWSGY3QcZq-tYcL&page=1&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0 24/2/2011 7:55pm http://www.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Corset_1900.jpg&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Corset_1900.jpg&usg=__urIebDao3t6i0E2vdAhEkmJ1kMs=&h=1269&w=846&sz=230&hl=en&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=04QhzhSMDW7qqM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=100&ei=2aNdTduWD4ayuAOhpP3EDA&prev=/images%3Fq%3D1900%2Bcorset%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26biw%3D1259%26bih%3D615%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1 18/2/2011 9:30 am http://www.mktales.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/mcdonalds-now.jpg 20/2/2011 9:00 pm

30. References http://www.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://www.thecollectormm.com.au/private/CrossSwanston.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/forum/viewtopic.php%3Ft%3D413&usg=__cjLuE4RAt6Ct6nBruk23cibHWq0=&h=800&w=695&sz=155&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=CheneI0-ToRv1M:&tbnh=155&tbnw=146&ei=YqRdTdf0GY7IvQP5mPmaDQ&prev=/images%3Fq%3D1900%2Bpeople%2Bin%2Bstreets%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26biw%3D1259%26bih%3D615%26tbs%3Disch:10%2C92&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=593&vpy=279&dur=505&hovh=241&hovw=209&tx=126&ty=158&oei=U6RdTa2RFoTCvgOoy9CaBg&page=1&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:13,s:0&biw=1259&bih=615 18/2/2011 9:35 http://www.diet-blog.com/07/female_body_shape_in_the_20th_century.php 18/2/2011 9:40am http://www.diet-blog.com/07/female_body_shape_in_the_20th_century.php 18/2/2011 9:45am Dr. Julian Pakay Specialises in Biochemestry Associate Lecturer & Third Year Practical Coordinator Thank you for your time and for the lecture.