820 likes | 1.11k Views
第 13 章 淋巴细胞成熟与抗 原受体基因的表达 Lymphocyte Maturation & Antigen Receptor Expression. 免疫细胞( immunocytes ) 凡参与免疫应答或与免疫应答有关的细胞 包括: 淋巴细胞 单核巨噬细胞 抗原递呈细胞 粒细胞、肥大细胞、血小板等. 淋巴细胞 T 淋巴细胞 B 淋巴细胞 NK 细胞 免疫活性细胞 ( immunocompetent cell , ICC ) T 、 B 细胞均有特异性抗原受体,接受抗原刺激后能发生活化、增殖和分化,产生特异性免疫应答,故称免疫活性细胞.
E N D
第13章 淋巴细胞成熟与抗 原受体基因的表达Lymphocyte Maturation & Antigen Receptor Expression
免疫细胞(immunocytes) • 凡参与免疫应答或与免疫应答有关的细胞 • 包括: • 淋巴细胞 • 单核巨噬细胞 • 抗原递呈细胞 • 粒细胞、肥大细胞、血小板等
淋巴细胞 • T淋巴细胞 • B淋巴细胞 • NK细胞 • 免疫活性细胞 (immunocompetent cell,ICC) • T、B细胞均有特异性抗原受体,接受抗原刺激后能发生活化、增殖和分化,产生特异性免疫应答,故称免疫活性细胞
第一节 B细胞成熟过程B cell maturation 骨髓内成熟 骨髓外成熟
B细胞因在骨髓(bone marrow)或禽类法氏囊(bursa of Fabricius)中分化成熟而得名,简称B细胞
The discovery of B cell immunity 1957- Bruce Glick, Ohio State University Studies on the function of the a lymphoid organ in the cloacal region of the chicken the bursa of Fabricius Bursectomy – no apparent effect None of the bursectomised chickens made anti-Salmonella antibodies • Bursa was the organ where antibody producing cells developed • Antibody producing cells were thereafter called B cells
Mature B cells in periphery Transfer foetal liver cells Normal bone marrow No Mature B cells Defective bone marrow Origin of B cells and organ of B cell maturation B cell development starts in the foetal liver After birth, development continues in the bone marrow
起源: 胎儿期—胎肝和骨髓 出生后—骨髓 两阶段: 骨髓内成熟(抗原非依赖期) 骨髓外成熟(抗原依赖期)
一、骨髓内成熟过程 1、骨髓微环境和B细胞成熟 2、B细胞成熟的分期 3、未成熟自身反应性B细胞的阴性选择 4、Ig基因重排
1、骨髓微环境和B细胞成熟 • B细胞成熟四阶段 • 祖B细胞(pro B cells) • 前B细胞(pre B cells) • 未成熟B细胞(immature B cells) • 成熟B细胞(mature B cells)
VCAM-1 • SCF • IL-7 • VLA-4 • c-Kit • IL-7R 基质细胞 • 祖B细胞 1、骨髓微环境和B细胞成熟 • 骨髓基质细胞提供微环境
c-Kit pro-B VLA-4 SCF VCAM-1 CAM Stromal cell Cytokines and cell-cell contacts at each stage of differentiation are different Early pro-B
IL-7R IL-7 Early pro-B Stromal cell Cytokines and cell-cell contacts at each stage of differentiation are different Late pro-B Pre-B
Maturing B cells Bone marrow stromal cell
B B Stromal cell
四阶段: 祖B细胞 前B细胞 未成熟B细胞 成熟B细胞 主要事件: Ig基因重排 阴性选择
3、阴性选择(negative selection) • 发生于未成熟B细胞 • 若mIgM与基质细胞上的多价自身抗原结合,发生交联而致未成熟B细胞凋亡(apoptosis) • 若mIgM与单价可溶性自身抗原结合,引起自身反应性B细胞无能(anergy) • 通过阴性选择的未成熟B细胞继续发育为成熟B细胞(表达mIgM和mIgD)
Immature B B B Y Y Negative selection-Apoptosis Immature B cell recognises MULTIVALENT self Ag Clonal deletion by apoptosis
B Immature B B Y Y B Negative selection-Anergy IgD normal IgM low Y IgM Y Y IgD IgD Immature B cell recognises soluble self Ag No cross-linking Y IgD Anergic B cell
IgD and IgM normal IgD IgM IgM Immature B B IgD IgD IgM IgM Y Y IgD B Negative selection-Mature B cells Y Y Y Y Y Immature B cell doesn’t recognise any self Ag B Y Y Y Mature B cell exported to the periphery
Binding to self molecules in the bone marrow can lead to the death or inactivation of immature B cells
4、Ig基因重排(gene rearrangement) • Ig的基因结构(胚系基因) • κ链基因-- 2号染色体 λ链基因-- 22号染色体 H链基因-- 14号染色体 • 轻链基因分为V、J、C三组基因片段 • 重链基因分为V、D、J、C四组基因片段 • 无功能,不表达
The numbers of functional gene segments for the V regions of human heavy and light chains
Ig的基因重排(Ig gene rearrangement) B细胞成熟过程中,Ig基因片段经重排后方能表达为功能性的Ig • 重链基因重排 • 轻链基因重排 • 等位排斥和同种型排斥
V D J C V D J C V C D J D D J J V C V J C V J C V J C Heavy chain rearrangement Germline DH-JH joining VH-DHJH joining V VHDHJH-CH joining Germline VL-JL joining V VLJL-CLjoining Light chain rearrangement
DJ • VDJ • (V基因) • VDJC • 编码重链
V V V V V V D D D D D D J J J J J J Cm Cd Cg3 Cg1 Cm1 Cd1 Cd2 Cm2 Cm3 Cm4 Cd3 DNA pA2 pA1 RNA cleaved and polyadenylated at pA1 AAA Cm1 Cd1 Cd2 Cm2 Cm3 Cm4 Cd3 Cm IgM mRNA RNA cleaved and polyadenylated at pA2 AAA Cm1 Cd1 Cd2 Cm2 Cm3 Cm4 Cd3 pA1 Cd IgD mRNA Splicing of IgM and IgD RNA Two types of mRNA can be made simultaneously in the cell by differential usage of alternative polyadenylation sites and splicing of the RNA
VJ(V基因) • VJC • 编码轻链
等位排斥(allelic exclusion) • Ig 基因重排时,一对同源染色体上的两个等位基因中只有一个能表达 • 使得一个B细胞只能表达一种轻链和一种重链
同种型排斥(isotypic exclusion) • 一个B细胞中,κ链基因和λ链基因只有其中的一种能够表达 • 使得一个B细胞只能表达κ或λ链中的一种
Ig 基因重排机制 • 重组识别信号序列和重组酶 • 重组酶RAG1和RAG2 • 识别信号序列RSS • 12/23原则与VDJ基因片段重组
Recognition signal sequences (RSS) and 12/23 Rule Vλ Jλ 7 23 12 7 9 9 JH 9 23 7 DH 12 7 7 12 9 9 VH 9 7 23 • RSS间隔序列相同的基因片段之间不能发生重组 • 只有RSS间隔序列不同的基因片段之间能发生重组 • 12merRSS间隔序列的基因片段与23merRSS间隔序列的基因片段才有可能发生重组
V D J 9 7 23 12 7 9 V 9 7 23 J D 7 12 9 V 9 9 7 7 23 23 J D 7 7 12 12 9 9 Steps of Ig gene recombination RAG1 & RAG 2 and ‘high mobility group proteins’ bind to the RSS The two RAG1/RAG 2 complexes bind to each other and bring the V region adjacent to the DJ region • The recombinase complex makes single stranded nicks in the DNA • The nicks are ‘sealed’ to form a hairpin structure at the end of the V and D regions • The recombinase complex remains associated with the break
V 9 7 23 J D 7 12 9 The hairpins at the end of the V and D regions are opened, and exonucleases and transferases remove or add random nucleotides to the gap between the V and D region DNA ligase IV joins the ends of the V and D region to form the coding joint and the two heptamers to form the signal joint. V V 9 7 23 J J D D 7 12 9 Steps of Ig gene recombination A number of other proteins, (Ku70:Ku80, XRCC4 and DNA dependent protein kinases) bind to the hairpins and the heptamer ends.
Ig的表达(成熟B) • 重链与轻链的表达 • μ链和δ链 • κ链或γ链 • 重链与轻链的装配 • μ链和δ链分别与轻链配对,形成IgM和IgD(BCR) • 特异性相同,恒定区不同
二、骨髓外成熟过程 成熟B细胞在外周遇到抗原,产生免疫应答,最终分化成为浆细胞和记忆细胞 两个主要变化: • 体细胞高频突变 • Ig转类(同种型转换)
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y B Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y B B B Differentiation in the periphery memory cell Mature peripheral B cell B cell recognises non-self antigen in periphery Ig-secreting plasma cell