POPs waste disposal under the Stockholm Convention

1. POPs waste disposal under the Stockholm Convention Key elements David Piper Task Manager (POPs enabling activities) UNEP DGEF

2. Convention provisions relating to wastes • Article 3 measures to reduce/eliminate releases from intentional production and use • Article 5 measures to reduce/eliminate releases from unintentional production • Article 6 measures to reduce/eliminate releases from stockpiles and wastes

3. Article 3: Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional production and use Restricts trade of POPs chemicals to: • purposes/uses permitted under registered specific exemptions/acceptable purpose • environmentally sound disposal • (paragraph 1d of Art 6)

4. Article 5 & Annex C:Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from unintentional production • Develop action plans • Promote • available, feasible and practical measures to achieve realistic and meaningful levels of release reduction or source elimination • substitute products and processes • the use of BAT/BEP • BAT required for new Part II sources 4 years after entry into force Preventing POPs waste arising

5. Improved waste management Treatment of residuals and wastes Improved flue-gas cleaning Low-waste technologies Recovery and recycling of wastes Good housekeeping Improved product quality Avoiding use & generation of elemental Cl Less hazardous raw materials Process changes – e.g. closed systems Process modification – e.g. to improve combustion Reducing releases“…promote available, feasible, practical measures…”

6. Waste-related source categories Annex C Part II • Waste incinerators, including co-incineration of municipal, hazardous or medical waste or of sewage sludge • Cement kilns firing hazardous waste • Secondary copper, aluminium and zinc production Annex C Part III • Open burning of waste, including burning of landfill sites • Crematoria and destruction of animal carcasses • Shredder plants for treatment of vehicles • Smouldering of copper cables • Waste oil refineries

7. Article 6:Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from stockpiles and wastes • Stockpiles • Wastes • Contaminated sites • Linkage to Basel Convention

8. Stockpiles Article 6 Paragraph 1 (a), (b), (c) • Develop strategies to identify POPs stockpiles, & products in use • Identify POPs stockpiles & products in use • Manage POPs stockpiles in an environmentally sound manner

9. Wastes (& products and articles upon becoming wastes) No identify here but implied in the next point Article 6 Paragraph 1 (a), (d) • Develop strategies to identify POPs wastes • Handle, collect, transport & store wastes in an environmentally sound manner • Dispose • so that POPs content is destroyed or irreversibly transformed • In an environmentally sound manner if destruction not preferred • in a way that does not lead to recovery, recycling, reclamation, or reuse of POPs • Transport POPs wastes across international boundaries according to international rules Article 6 Paragraph 1 (e); Contaminated sites • Develop strategies to identify contaminated sites • (and ensure that remediation is performed in environmentally sound manner) Art 5

10. Wastes consisting of, containing or contaminated with POPs Is the content of the waste arising known? Conduct analyses & report Municipal, industrial or hazardous wastes No Yes Does the waste Include products or articles consisting of, containing or contaminated with POPs? Dispose as appropriate for waste, noting obligations under Article 5 & Annex C re unintentional production of POPs byproducts Yes No Are sources of POPs wastes known? Identify sources of wastes & seek to minimize or eliminate, then … No Yes Develop strategy, allowing waste separation & appropriate management compatible with Article 6.1.a,d, then… Are POPs wastes separated? No • 1.Prepare management plans to such that wastes are • handled, collected, transported and stored in an • environmentally sound manner • 2. Dispose of wastes so that POPs content is destroyed or • irreversibly transformed • Or dispose in ESM where destruction is • Not environmentally preferred, or • POPs content is low • (Article 6.1.a,d) Note obligations under Article 5 & Annex C Yes Are wastes To be exported? POPs waste No Yes Export of POPs waste for environmentally sound disposal ? Prepare management plans compatible with international rules, standards & guidelines Yes No Prohibit unacceptable trade

11. Paragraph 2 of Article 6 • Stockholm COPs to cooperate closely with Basel COP to: • Establish levels of destruction and irreversible transformation to ensure that POPs characteristics are not exhibited • Determine what methods constitute environmentally sound disposal • Define “low POPs content” for purposes of environmentally sound disposal

12. Waste guidelines • Developed through Basel OEWG subgroup • Adopted by Basel Convention COP October 2004 Stockholm Convention Secretariat is requested: • to prepare a report on such guidelines relating to POPs as may be adopted by the CoP to the Basel Convention, • analyse the implications of those guidelines for the Stockholm Convention • indicate elements that might be considered suitable for adoption under paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Stockholm Convention.

13. PCBs – Annex A Part II • Cease production of new PCBs immediately • New PCB = waste • Eliminate use of in-place PCB equipment by 2025 • Achieve environmentally sound disposal of PCB wastes as soon as possible and not later than 2028

14. PCB objectives • Ensuring that PCBs in use remain in responsible hands • Orderly removal from use • an integral part of business planning & capital investment • Government an important owner of PCBs • Environmentally sound destruction • Prevention of further contamination

15. PCBs Party possess …… ..equipment contaminated with PCBs ..obsolete equipment contaminated with PCBs? ..PCB liquids and liquids contaminated with PCBs ..other materials contaminated with PCBs 1. Classify as waste 2. Make determined efforts designed to lead to environmentally sound waste management of liquids contaminated with PCBs having a PCB content above 50 ppm as soon as possible but no later than 2028 3. Provide a report every five years on progress in eliminating PCBs and submit it to the CoP 1. Manage these materials in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 6 2. In lieu of note (ii) in Part I of Annex A, endeavour to identify other articles containing more than 0.005 % PCBs (e.g. cable-sheaths, cured caulk and painted objects) 3. Provide a report every five years on progress in eliminating PCBs and submit it to the CoP Go to decision tree 11 (equipment and obsolete equipment contaminated with PCBs) Go to decision tree 5 (Stocks of POPs) Go to decision tree 8 (wastes) Decision tree: PCBs

16. Party possesses equipment contaminated with PCBs Note: Any PCB-containing equipment imported after becoming Party to the Convention has to be defined as waste Except for maintenance and servicing operations, not allow recovery for the purpose of reuse in other equipment of liquids with PCBs content above 0.005 % Does the Party use equipment contaminated with PCBs? Is the PCB-contaminated equipment de- commissioned? No No is the equipment maintained for reuse? Yes No Go to decision tree 12 (use of PCB equipment) Go to decision tree 8 (wastes) Party possess decommissioned or offline equipment contaminated with PCBs PCB Equipment and offlineordecommissioned equipment contaminated with PCBs 1. Define as waste 2. Make determined efforts designed to lead to environmentally sound waste management of equipment contaminated with PCBs having a PCB content above 50 ppm as soon as possible but no later than 2028 3. Provide a report every five years on progress in eliminating PCBs and submit it to the Conference of the Parties

17. Use of equipment contaminated with PCBs 1st priority Does equipment in use contain greater than 10 % PCBs and volumes greater than 5 litres? Make determined efforts to identify, label and remove from use by 2025, then…. Yes Reanalyze and reclassify PCB-containing equipment From decision tree 13 No 2ndpriority Does equipment in use contain greater than 0.05 % PCBs and volumes greater than 5 litres? Make determined efforts to identify, label and remove from use by 2025, then… Yes From decision tree 13 No 3rd priority Does equipment in use contain greater than 0.005 % PCBs and volumes greater than 0.05 litres? Endeavour to identify and remove from use by 2025, then… Yes Go to decision tree 13 No No Does the analysis of equipment in use show a PCB content less than 0.005 % ? Regarded as PCB-free under the SC Yes Use of equipment contaminated with PCBs Priorities related to volume and concentration of PCBs

18. Take measure to improve condition of the equipment or decommission From decision tree 12 Take measure to reduce risk of environmental release and assure that releases can be quickly remedied Is the equipment intact and non-leaking? No Is the equipment used in areas where the risk from environmental release can be minimised and quickly remedied ? Yes No Take measure to remove from use Is the equipment used in areas associated with the production or processing of food and feed ? Yes Yes No Is the equipment used in populated areas, including schools and hospitals? Provide a report every five years on progress in eliminating PCBs and submit it to the Conference of the Parties Yes No Take all reasonable measures to protect from electrical failure which could result in a fire, and regular inspection of equipment for leaks and Go back to decision tree 12 to next lower priority Use of equipment contaminated with PCBs Priorities related to risk posed by equipment

19. Unserviceable? PCB equipment maintenance Maintenance, refilling etc Destruction technologies Incineration/ co-incineration Transfer (drums/bulk) Extraction, pre-treatment technologies PCB oils draining/ solvent washing unserviceable equipment Other oxidising process contaminated mineral oils + solvents Dismantling, shredding ‘opening’ + solvent wash Servicing wastes Chemical reduction process thermal desorption Soils, sediments, rubble etc. contaminated wood, paper, clothing, cables etc other Other Decontaminated soil, rubble Decontaminated metals for recycling Release monitoring Release monitoring If ‘extraction’ and destruction on same site, transfer may be direct, otherwise drummed & shipped according to Basel requirements Release to air, water, landfill POPs?  YES YES  No Release to hazardous waste site Air, liquid & solid waste treatment technologies

20. Thank You David Piper Task Manager (POPs enabling activities) UNEP DGEF dpiper@chemicals.unep.ch

21. Municipalities & contractors Re-use & recycling Waste minimisation, IPPC, BAT Hazardous Incineration Production Treatment Separated Waste Inert Storage Industry Landfill Special landfill Governments + Industrial waste systems

22. Returns to industry Re-use & recycling Individuals Home composting Composting Source separation Delivery Incineration Waste Separate collection Sorting Landfill Treatment Mixed collection Compaction, transfer Municipalities & contractors Governments + Municipal solid waste systems