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Sentence Types and Clauses: A Guide to Understanding English Grammar

Learn about the different sentence types and clauses in English grammar, including independent and dependent clauses, compound and complex sentences. Improve your writing skills and avoid common errors.

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Sentence Types and Clauses: A Guide to Understanding English Grammar

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  1. Sentences 101

  2. Subject + Verb = sentence a SUBJECT does the action. It must be person, place, or thing. he Susan bus she the class the school a VERB is a word that denotes action, or a state of being, in a sentence. sit read am stand is goes

  3. CLAUSES Any type of clause has: _________________________ and _________________________

  4. There are 2 types of clauses: Independent Clause Dependent Clause

  5. An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb, expressing a complete thought. It could stand alone as a complete sentence. s v

  6. Independent Clause

  7. An independent clause is the same thing as a complete sentence. Complete Sentence = Independent clause

  8. A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb, but it does not express a complete thought. This happens when a dependent word has attached itself to the clause. dependent word The teacher let class out early because the students finished their homework.

  9. Common Dependent (subordinating) Words dependent word

  10. Identify theDEPENDENT CLAUSES When we went to Metropolitan Community College,we loved English class. Now that I know how to identify subjects and verbs,I write confidently. I think pickles are grossbecause I hate the taste of vinegar.

  11. The main subject and main verb of a sentence is always in the INDEPENDENT CLAUSEbecause…it is the part that is complete and it can stand on its own.

  12. Identify theMain Subject and Main Verb When we went to Metropolitan Community College,we loved English class. Now that I know how to identify subjects and verbs,I write confidently. I think pickles are grossbecause I hate the taste of vinegar.

  13. DEPENDENT CLAUSE They cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. When it does, it is called a sentence fragment. Because the students finished their homework. When we went to Metropolitan Community College.

  14. Fragment test: Is there a verb? If no, there is a fragment Is there a subject? If no, there is a fragment Do the subject and verb start with a subordinating word—and lack an independent clause to complete the thought? If yes, there is a fragment.

  15. However, Intentional Fragments….. • can be very effective when used infrequently and for special purposes. • Two of the most common intentional fragments are answers to rhetorical questions, which is often the case in dialogue) and lists of key terms the writer wants to emphasize. • Was I surprised to learn I was a good writer? Not really. • Wrigley Field. Soldiers Field. Comiskey Park. United Center. These are home to Chicago’s major sports teams.

  16. PART 2

  17. There are four kinds of sentences in the English language. Simple IC Our school offers many programs. CompoundIC + IC Our school offers many programs, and we are expanding our offerings every year. ComplexIC + DC (one or more) The student did poorly on the exam because she didn’t study. Because she didn’t study, the student did poorly on the exam. Compound-Complex IC + IC + DC (one or more) Our school offers many programs, and we are expanding our offerings every year despite competition from other institutions. + + + +

  18. Compound Sentences: • Use a comma AND a Coordinating Conjunction to combine them together • A Coordinating Conjunction is one of the FANBOYS Main Subject Main Verb + Main Subject Main Verb

  19. Compound sentences use coordinating conjunctions • For • And • Nor • But • Or • Yet • So FANBOYS Use one of these to make a compound sentence +

  20. MAKE THESE TWO I.C. INTO A COMPOUND SENTENCE I didn’t finish my homework. + I am skipping class today.

  21. How many main subjects and verbs are there? I didn’t finish my homework, so I am skipping class today.

  22. How many main subjects and verbs are there? Ididn’t finish my homework, soIam skipping class today.

  23. If you do not use a FANBOYS, then you have a run on sentence, and you must separate them or use a subordinating conjunction. Ididn’t finish my homework Iam skipping class today. RUN-ON SENTENCE

  24. Complex sentences use subordinating conjunctions Use one of these To make a Complex sentence +

  25. Complex sentences can be structured 2 ways • ●If the dependent clause comes after the independent clause, no comma is used. IC + DC We will discuss the matter further when we meet next week. + • ●If the dependent clause comes before the independent • clause, a comma is necessary. DC + IC When we meet next week, we will discuss the matter further. +

  26. Is this a compound sentence or complex? The student did poorly on the exam because she didn’t study.

  27. Is this a compound sentence or complex? The student did poorly on the exam, yet she passed the class.

  28. Compound-Complex Sentences IC + IC + DC (one or more) Our school offers many programs, and we are expanding our offerings every yeardespite that other schools compete with us. 2 1 3

  29. PART 3 Semicolons

  30. Some of the most common stitches in embroidery are: cross stitch; where you stitch an x as one stitch to make a design out of a lot of xs, back stitch; the outline of most standard embroidery patterns, and satin stitch; where you fill in a whole area by starting at the top of desired area and make a stitch all the way to the bottom.

  31. Correct or incorrect? • When too many people are driving in a hurry; tempers can flare.

  32. PART 4 Colons

  33. Colons are used when…. • Introducing a list or series During 13 years in the White House, Franklin D. Roosevelt had three vice presidents: Garner, Wallace, and Truman.

  34. Colons are used when…. • Introducing a list or series During 13 years in the White House, Franklin D. Roosevelt had three vice presidents: Garner, Wallace, and Truman.

  35. Colons To introduce an explanation, an example, or a summary Princeton, New Jersey, is a hub of intellectual activity: it is home to Princeton University, the institute for Advanced Study, and numerous research centers.

  36. Colons To introduce an explanation, an example, or a summary Princeton, New Jersey, is a hub of intellectual activity: it is home to Princeton University, the institute for Advanced Study, and numerous research centers.

  37. Colons To introduce a lengthy or heavily punctuated quotation (more than two lines or contains two or more commas) The instructions were confusing: “After adjusting toggles A, B, and C, connect bracket A to post A, bracket B to post B, and bracket C to post C, securing with clamps A, B, and C, as illustrated in figure 1.”

  38. Colons To introduce a lengthy or heavily punctuated quotation (more than two lines or contains two or more commas) The instructions were confusing: “After adjusting toggles A, B, and C, connect bracket A to post A, bracket B to post B, and bracket C to post C, securing with clamps A, B, and C, as illustrated in figure 1.”

  39. Colons Use colons in ratios The bill was defeated by a margin of 2:1. Use colons between titles and subtitles American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson

  40. Colons So, colons should ALWAYS follow an independent clause. Do not use a colon if you are already introducing your list with for example, including, is, and such as.

  41. Phrases

  42. Phrases A group of related words that lacks either a subject, a verb, or both. Cannot stand alone as a sentence (when it does, it is a fragment) Can appear at the beginning, end, or middle of a sentence Also can start with subordinating conjunctions (words from the orange box in part 1) Help make your writing more detailed and interesting

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