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VERTEBRAL COLUMN, RIBS & STERNUM

VERTEBRAL COLUMN, RIBS & STERNUM . by Isabella Kung. 10. February.2014 Monday. Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D. VERTEBRAL COLUMN. Vertebrae + intervertebtal (IV) discs Spine Omurga Main part of the axial skeleton. VERTEBRAL COLUMN.

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VERTEBRAL COLUMN, RIBS & STERNUM

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  1. VERTEBRAL COLUMN, RIBS & STERNUM byIsabella Kung 10. February.2014 Monday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.

  2. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Vertebrae+ intervertebtal (IV) discs Spine Omurga Main part of theaxialskeleton

  3. VERTEBRAL COLUMN fromthecranium (skull) totheapex of thecoccyx ¼ formed by the intervertebral (IV) discs. IV discsseparateandbindthevertebraetogether.

  4. VERTEBRAL COLUMN • Protectsthespinalcordandspinalnerves. • Supportstheweight of the body superiortothelevel of thepelvis. • Providesa partlyrigidandflexibleaxisforthe body and an extendedbase on whichthehead is placedandpivots. • Plays an important rolein postureandlocomotion • (themovementfromoneplacetoanother).

  5. VERTEBRAE 33 vertebraearranged in 5 regions • 7 cervical • 12 thoracic • 5 lumbar • 5 sacral • 4 coccygeal

  6. Structures of thevertebrae • A typicalvertebraconsistsof • A Vertebralbody • AVertebralarch • 7 processes 3-4 2 1 5-6 7

  7. Posteriorto the vertebral body • Consists of two (right and left)pedicles& laminae. • VERTEBRAL ARCH

  8. vertebralarch + posterior surface of the vertebral body • walls of vertebral foramen

  9. Successionof vertebral foramina • in the articulated vertebral column • forms • vertebralcanal (spinal canal)

  10. The superior and inferior vertebral notchesof adjacent vertebrae and the IV discs form intervertebral foramina • Intervertebral foramina • Spinal (posterior root) ganglia are located • Spinal nerves emerge from the vertebral column with their accompanying vessels through these foramina.

  11. Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae • vertebraehaving foramina in their transverse processes are cervicalvertebrae

  12. articularfacetsorientation in eachregiondifferent • Movementneeded • articularfacets of thoracicvertebraenearlyvertical, • define an arc centered in the IV disc • this arrangement permits rotation and lateral flexion of the vertebral column in this region.

  13. Regional variations in size and shape of the vertebral canal accommodate the varying thickness of the spinal cord.

  14. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE skeleton of the neck between the cranium & thoracic vertebrae

  15. FEATURES TYPICAL FOR CERVICAL VERTEBRAE Smallest of the 24 movablevertebrae Relatively larger intervertebral discs discs are thin, but relative to their small size; thick. • 3) Greatest range & variety of movement of all the vertebral regions • 4) foramen transversariumin the transverse process

  16. Vertebrae C3-C7 typicalcervicalvertebrae Largevertebralforamina restrictedrotation superolateralmargin uncusof the body uncinateprocess

  17. C7- vertebraprominens • A longspinousprocess • Mostprominent spinous process in 70% of people

  18. Atlas (C1) No body No spinousprocess Widestof the cervical vertebrae Thekidney-shaped, concavesuperiorarticularsurfaces of thelateralmassesarticulatewithoccipitalcondyles.

  19. strongest of the cervicalvertebrae C1, carrying the cranium,» rotates on C2 (e.g., when a person turns the head to indicate “no”). Axis (C2)

  20. Axis (C2) The distinguishing featureblunt tooth-like dens Lies anterior to the spinalcord. Serves as the pivot about which the rotation of the head occurs.

  21. THORACIC VERTEBRAE • The thoracic skeleton includes: • 12 pairs of ribs and associated costal cartilages • 12 thoracic vertebrae and the intervertebral discs between them • Sternum

  22. FEATURES TYPICAL FOR THORACIC VERTEBRAE articulation with ribs. 1) Bilateral costal demifacetson the vertebral bodies for articulation with heads of ribs 2)Costal facets on the transverse processes for articulation with tubercles of ribs

  23. FEATURES TYPICAL FOR THORACIC VERTEBRAE articulation with ribs. 3) Articular processes of thoracic vertebrae extend vertically with paired, nearly coronally oriented articular facets define an arc. greatest degree of rotation is permitted here!

  24. FEATURES TYPICAL FOR THORACIC VERTEBRAE 4)Heart-shaped bodies 5) Long, inferiorly slanting spinous processes

  25. T1 1 COMPLETE SUP. COSTAL FACET T10 (T9) 1 COMPLETE SUP. COSTAL FACET NO INF. COSTAL DEMIFACET T11-12 • 1 COMPLETE COSTAL FACET • NO INF. COSTAL DEMIFACET • NO COSTAL FACET ON TRANSVERSE PROCESS

  26. LUMBAR VERTEBRAE in the lower back between the thorax and sacrum

  27. FEATURES TYPICAL FOR LUMBAR VERTEBRAE • massivebodies • transverseprocessesprojectposterosuperiorlyas well as laterally. • mammillaryprocesses & accessoryprocesses

  28. SACRUM L. sacred Wedged-shaped Usually composed of 5 fused sacral vertebrae in adults. Located between the hipbones Sacralcanal continuation of thevertebralcanal in thesacrum.

  29. On the pelvic and posterior surfaces of the sacrum four pairs of sacralforamina

  30. Anterior projecting edge of the body of the S1 vertebra Sacral promontory (L. mountain ridge) importantobstetricallandmark

  31. The superior part of the lateral surface of the sacrum auricularsurface

  32. COCCYX • tailbone;kuyruksokumu • A small triangular bone • Formedby fusion of 4 rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae. • Co1 may remain separate from the fused group. • Rudimentaryarticularprocesses @ post. surface

  33. Last 3 coccygeal vertebrae often fuse during middlelife • forminga beak-likecoccyx • Aging- A single bone! • Muscularattachment! • No contributiontosupport of the body weight in standing! Coccydynia

  34. Curvatures in the Vertebral Column 1. The neck or cervical spine, curves gently inward (lordosis) 2. The mid back, or thoracic spine, curved outward (kyphosis) 3. The low back, or lumbar spine, also curves inward (lordosis) 4. Pelvic (Sacral) curvature

  35. RIBS, COSTAL CARTILAGES, AND INTERCOSTAL SPACES • Ribs(L. costae) are curved, flat bones that form most of • the thoracic cage. • Remarkably light in weight yet highly resilient. • Each rib has a spongy interior containing bone marrow • (hematopoietic tissue), which forms blood cells.

  36. There are three types of ribs that can be classified as • typical or atypical • True (vertebrocostal) ribs (1st-7th ribs): • They attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilages. • False (vertebrochondral) ribs (8th, 9th, and usually 10th ribs):Their cartilages are connected to the cartilage of the rib above them; thus their connection with the sternum is indirect. • Floating (vertebral, free) ribs (11th, 12th, and sometimes 10th ribs): • The rudimentary cartilages of these ribs do not connect even indirectly with the sternum; instead they end in the posterior abdominal musculature.

  37. Typical ribs (3rd-9th) have the following components: • Head: wedge-shaped and has two facets, separated by the crest of the head; one facet for articulation with the numerically corresponding vertebra and one facet for the vertebra superior to it. • Neck: connects the head of the rib with the body at the level of the tubercle.

  38. Tubercle: located at the junction of the neck and body • articulates with the corresponding transverse process of the vertebra

  39. Body (shaft): thin, flat, and curved, most markedly at the costal angle where the rib turns anterolaterally. • The angle also demarcates the lateral limit of attachment of the deep back muscles to the ribs. • The concave internal surface of the body has a costal groove paralleling the inferior border of the rib, which provides some protection for the intercostal nerve and vessels.

  40. Atypical ribs (1st, 2nd, and 10th-12th) are dissimilar:

  41. Costal cartilages • Prolong the ribs anteriorly • Contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic wall • Provide a flexible attachment for their anterior ends (tips). • The cartilages increase in length through the first 7 and then gradually decrease. • .

  42. Intercostal spaces Separate the ribs and their costal cartilages from one another. Named according to the rib forming the superior border of the space. 4th intercostal space lies between ribs 4 and 5. 11 intercostal spaces and 11 intercostalnerves intercostalmuscles and membranes, and two sets (main and collateral) of intercostal blood vessels andnerves identified by the same number assigned to the space.

  43. STERNUM G. sternon, chest Flat, elongated bone Forms the middle of the anterior part of the thoracic cage. Affords protection for mediastinal viscera in general and much of the heart in particular.

  44. STERNUM G. sternon, chest Manubrium Body Xiphoidprocess

  45. sternal angle The manubrium and body of the sternum in slightly different planesmanubriosternaljointsternalangle (of Louis)

  46. Surface Anatomy: Key Landmarks • Jugular (suprasternal)notch:T2 vertebra in male, T4 in female • Sternalangle (of Louis) T4-T5 vertebra • Theborderbetweensuperiorandinferiormediastinum • Overliesthetrachealbifurcationandaorticarch • Usefulforcountingintercostalspaces(2nd ribsarticulate here).

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