Chapter 5, Section 1

1. Chapter 5, Section 1 The Rise of Rome

2. Standards and Objectives • 3.2.pi1 – Recall examples of exploration and conquest. (A) • 3.2.pi2 – Analyze factors related to human geographic interaction (B) • 4.1.pi2 – Analyze the origin and evolution of Roman Government. (C)

3. Basics • The Roman republic was greatly influenced by the Greeks. • They took the Greek structure and government to an even more advanced level.

4. The Land and Peoples of Italy • The Italian Peninsula or “Boot of Europe” is where Roman civilization began and ended. • The weather is mild and sometimes has a damp climate. • The weather makes it an excellent place to farm. • The Apennine mountain range provides a natural barrier. • Rome is located at a very safe and centralized location.

5. Map of Rome

6. Early Peoples of the Italian Peninsula. • According to legend, Roman history begins in 753 BC when Romulus and Remus found the city Rome. • The legend of the twins also states they were taken in by a she-wolf and raised by her. • The Latium and Oscan tribes migrate into the Italian Peninsula from 2000-1000 BC • The Etruscans then invaded the peninsula and capture these tribes.

7. The Etruscans • Around 620 BC the Etruscans gain total control of the city. • Eventually the Romans take over the city from Tarquin the Proud. • The Romans adopt their building program, traditional Etruscan dress and army organization.

8. Reading Check • What role did geography play in Rome’s prosperity and defensibility?

9. Standards and Objectives • 3.2.pi2 – analyze factors related to human geographic interaction (B)

10. Roman Republic

11. The Roman Republic • REPUBLIC – the leader is not a monarch and some citizens have the right to vote. • The Romans were not the first representative government but they did represent more people and territory than ever before. • The first 100 years Rome was constantly engaged in battle and eventually controlled virtually all of Italy.

12. The Roman Republic • To govern all of their new area well they have to develop an efficient system. • They devised a plan called the Roman Confederation. • This allowed some peoples to have full Roman citizenship and most of the remaining communities were made allies. • Loyalty was valued and could greatly improve ones standing in Rome.

13. Successful strategies in the Roman Republic • Livy, a roman historian, provided many stories to teach Romans virtues to help make Rome great. • One such story was about a farmer named Cincinnatus. • He was a simple farmer who was chosen as temporary ruler to save Rome from an outside attack.

14. Successful Characteristics of a Roman • Romans… • 1. Were good diplomats • 2. Excelled in military matters. • 3. Brilliant strategists • 4. Practical in law and politics.

15. Roman political structure • Divided into 2 branches • The executive and legislative • The executive branch took care of day to day operations. • The legislative branch was made up of the Senate and the Assembly. • The 300 members of the Senate were elected and served for life.

17. Roman political structure • The Assembly was made up of 100 men and were elected on a regular basis. • PATRICIANS – wealthy land owners or aristocrats. • PLEBEIANS – “middle class” small farmers, craftspeople, and merchants. • The plebeians resented the patricians for their power and were always locked in a struggle for power.

19. Roman political structure • Men and both groups could vote but only patricians could be elected to office. • Eventually the plebeians were able to control the patricians power by creating an office of the tribune which could veto any law passed by the senate. • The Chief Executive Officers of the Roman republic were the consuls and praetors.

20. Roman Law • The consuls acted as a general for the army. • This position was elected every year and 2 men were chosen. • The praetor acted as a judge and was in charge of civil law. • The praetor acted as a moderator between cases to ensure equality was practiced throughout the republic.

21. Consul Praetor

22. Roman Law • The Romans created an impressive law code which began with the Twelve Tables in 451 BC • These laws were placed throughout the republic so everyone knew the laws. • The praetor was in place to make sure fairness was applied. • As the republic developed so did the law. • 3 types of laws were created.

23. Roman Law • 1. jus civile– civil laws – these were the laws for the citizens of the Roman Republic. • 2. jus gentium– laws of the gentiles – these laws governed the non citizens. • 3. jus naturale– natural laws – these laws governed all humans. (Law of Nations) • No man is above the law!

24. Roman Law • Standards of Justice: • Innocent until proven guilty. • Respect for the law • Respect for the justice system.

26. Standards and Objectives • 4.1.pi2 – Analyze the origin and evolution of Roman Government. (C)

27. Struggle of the Orders • Early on children were not allowed to marry those of a different political standing. • This law changed after hundreds of years for fighting for the plebeians. • Eventually this changed plebeians status regarding their right to vote but the wealthy still dominated politics which led Rome from becoming a democracy.

28. Reading Check • How were the Plebeians and Patricians different in early Rome?

29. History and You • What causes conflict?

30. Roman Expansion • The Phoenicians founded Carthage in 800 BC (North Africa) • Carthage was the largest and richest state in the area. (trade and commerce) • This caused major conflict between Rome and their neighbors the Carthaginians. • The Punic Wars began in 264 BC

31. The First Punic War • The initial conflict began over trading interests in the island of Sicily. • The Carthaginians wanted it to expand their commerce into the Mediterranean Sea. • The war lasted 23 years and in the end Rome won. • They made Carthage pay for causing them an inconvenience.

32. The Second Punic War • The next war started 20 years later when Carthage, led by Hannibal, took Roman territory in Spain. • He knew Rome was was weak on that side and brought the war to them. • Hannibal terrorized the countryside and defeated several Roman armies. • Finally, Scipio defeated the Carthaginian army and forced them to return to Carthage.

33. Roman Conquest • After the defeat the Romans felt quite confident. • They defeated forces in Greece, the Balkans, modern day Turkey, and then returned to Carthage. • They went to war again with Carthage and burned it to the ground. • It eventually was turned into a Roman province called Africa.

34. Standards and Objectives • 3.2.pi1 – Recall examples of exploration and conquest. (A)

35. Reading Check • What is the historical and cultural significance of the Roman destruction of Carthage?

36. Standards and Objectives • 3.2.pi1 – Recall examples of exploration and conquest. (A) • 3.2.pi2 – analyze factors related to human geographic interaction (B) • 4.1.pi2 – Analyze the origin and evolution of Roman Government. (C)