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Chapter 7 traumatic and chronic brain damage

Clinical Neuroscience By Kelly Lambert and Craig Howard Kinsley. Chapter 7 traumatic and chronic brain damage. Chapter 7 Overview. Review Concepts: Brain imaging techniques (from Ch. 1) Neuroplasticity Brain injuries Traumatic Brain Injury (rapid onset)

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Chapter 7 traumatic and chronic brain damage

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  1. Clinical Neuroscience By Kelly Lambert and Craig Howard Kinsley Chapter 7traumatic and chronic brain damage

  2. Chapter 7 Overview • Review Concepts: • Brain imaging techniques (from Ch. 1) • Neuroplasticity • Brain injuries • Traumatic Brain Injury (rapid onset) • Chronic Brain damage (long-term onset) • For each injury, we’ll discuss: • Causes • Effects • Treatment methods • Future Prospects Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 7

  3. Connections • Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) can strike anyone • Bob Woodruff, ABC News reporter, wounded in Iraq. • Recovery can be improved by a variety of factors: • Education • Enriched environment • Neural reserves Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 7

  4. Traumatic Brain InjuryCauses and Consequences • Generally considered a result of impact to the skull • Other causes • Human cost: • 50,000-80,000 deaths annually • 235,000 hospitalizations annually • ~ 5 million Americans suffering lasting effects • Financial cost: • $150,000 non-medical costs • Fatalities cost ~$450,000/case Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 7

  5. Traumatic Brain InjuryWho’s at risk? • Individuals: • 15-24 years old • Over 64 years old • Men • People consuming alcohol • Athletes Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 7

  6. Traumatic Brain InjuryEffects • Primary • Axon Shearing • Subdural hematoma • Epidural hematoma • Contusion • Secondary Effects • Ionic flux • Hyperglycolysis • EAAs Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 7

  7. Traumatic Brain InjuryTreatments • Glasgow Coma Scale • Initial assessment • Surgery • Hematomas • Depressed Skull fractures • Pharmacological Intervention • Cognitive impairment • Dopamine • Acetylcholine • Depression • Serotonergic pathway Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 7

  8. Traumatic Brain InjuryTreatments • Progesterone Therapy • Don Stein’s work with mother rats • Cognitive Rehabilitation • Yeshuda Ben-Yishay • Holistic neuropsychological rehabilitation program • Constraint-induced movement therapy • Environmental Enrichment • General Enrichment • Physical exercise • Formal motor training Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 7

  9. Traumatic Brain InjuryPrevention • TBI is very common and preventable through: • Education • Enactment of safety laws • Enforcement of safety laws Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 7

  10. Parkinson’s DiseaseCauses and Consequences • Degeneration of the dopaminergic pathways in the substantia nigra • Parellel deficits in other neurotransmitter pathways • Acetylcholine • Serotonin • Norepinephrine Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 7

  11. Parkinson’s DiseaseTreatments • Surgery • Thalamotomy • Pallidotomy • Pharmacological intervention • Levodopa (l-dopa) • Decarboxylase inhibitor Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 7

  12. Parkinson’s DiseaseTreatments/Future Directions • Surgery (again!) • Deep Brain Stimulation • Transplantation of dopaminergic neurons (stem cells) • Neuroprotection? • Identification of early symptoms • Treatment before completely realized • Michael J. Fox Foundation Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 7

  13. Summary Lambert and Kinsley, Chapter 7

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