1 / 56

Chapter 11

Chapter 11. Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves. The Nervous System can be divided in:. Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors. Division of the Peripheral Nervous System.

magnar
Download Presentation

Chapter 11

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 11 Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves

  2. The Nervous System can be divided in: • Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain and Spinal Cord • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors

  3. Division of the Peripheral Nervous System • Sensory or afferent • Somatic • Visceral • Motor or efferent • Somatic - voluntary • Visceral or Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - involuntary • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic

  4. Major regions and landmarks • Six regions in the adult brain • Cerebrum • Diencephalon • Mesencephalon • Pons • Cerebellum • Medulla oblongata • Brain contains extensive areas of neural cortex • Layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebellum and cerebrum

  5. Embryology of the brain • Brain forms from three swellings at the tip of the developing neural tube • Prosencephalon • Forms the cerebrum and diencephalon • Mesencephalon • Rhombencephalon • Forms cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata

  6. The Cerebrum

  7. The cerebral hemispheres • Surface contains gyri, sulci, fissures • Fissures • Longitudinal fissure separates two cerebral hemispheres • Transverse fissureseparates cerebellumfrom cerebrum

  8. The Cerebrum

  9. The cerebral hemispheres • Sulci • Parieto-occipital sulcus separates parietal from occipital lobe • Lateral sulcus separates temporal from parietal lobe • Central sulcus separates frontal and parietal lobe

  10. The cerebral hemispheres • Gyri • Precentral gyrus • Poscentral gyrus

  11. The cerebral lobes • Frontal • Precentralgyrus • Primary motor area – conscious control of voluntary movements. • Premotor cortex – memory bank for skilled motor activities or of patterned and repetitious nature. • Broca’s area • Located on the left hemisphere. Controls speech.

  12. The cerebral lobes • Prefrontal cortex – responsible for personality, cognition, intellect. Lesion cause mental and personality disorder • Parietal • Primary Somatosensory Area – touch, pressure, temperature, vibration, and pain from body wall • Somatosensory association area – interprets stimulus sent by the above area. Ex: recognizes objects by touch.

  13. The cerebral lobes • Temporal • Primary Auditory area – temporal lobe. • Primary association auditory area – interprets the sound heard by above area • Wernicke’s area – only on left hemisphere, between parietal and temporal lobes. Area responsible for understanding spoken language • Olfactory area –uncus. Smell area.

  14. The cerebral lobes • Occipital • Primary visual area – perception of light • Visual association area – interprets the images seen on the area above • Insula • Gustatory cortex

  15. Cerebral hemispheres - internal structures • Gray matter • Cell bodies of the neurons • Dendrites • Small unmyelinated axons • Neuroglias

  16. Cerebral hemispheres - internal structures • White matter • Tracts • Association – connects 2 areas of the same hemisphere • Projection – connects upper and lower brain. Ex: internal capsule • Commissure – connects the 2 hemispheres.

  17. Tracts

  18. Sagittal Section

  19. Cerebral hemispheres - internal structures • Corpus callosum • Connects the 2 hemispheres • Fornix • Connects limbic system areas • Septum pellucidum • Separates the 2 lateral ventricles

  20. Cerebral hemispheres - internal structures • Basal Nuclei – regulation of voluntary motor activities. Allows smooth movements. • Caudate Nucleus • Putamen • Globuspallidus

  21. The Diencephalon

  22. Diencephalon: external view • Olfactory tract • Olfactory bulb • Optic nerve • Chiasma optic • Pituitary gland or hypophysis • Mammilary bodies – relay for olfaction

  23. The diencephalon is composed of • Epithalamus • Hypothalamus • Thalamus

  24. Sagittal Section Figure 14.12b

  25. The Epithalamus • Roof of the third ventricle • Contains choroid plexus • Contains pineal gland • Regulates sleep-awake cycle

  26. The thalamus • Relay area for impulses • Two large lobes of gray matter • Interthalamic adhesion or intermediate mass

  27. The hypothalamus • Autonomic center for regulation of body temperature, water balance, etc • Secretes hormones • Mammilary bodies – relay station for olfaction • Pituitary glands – secretes hormones • Optic chiasm

  28. The Brain Stem • Midbrain • Cerebral Aqueduct – connects third and forth ventricles • Cerebral peduncles – connects pons to cerebrum • Corpora quadrigemina • Superior colliculi – visual reflex center • Inferior colliculi – auditory reflex center

  29. The Brain Stem • Pons • Consists of tracts and nuclei • Connects brain to lower CNS • Medulla Oblongata • Tracts • Decussation of the pyramids • Autonomic reflex centers – heart rate, blood pressure, vomiting, swallowing, respiratory rhythm • Olives

  30. PART 2

  31. Cerebellum • Two hemispheres connected by the vermis • Arbor vitae – white matter • Cortex of gray matter

  32. The Cerebellum

  33. The Cerebellum

  34. The cranial meninges • Dura mater • Falxcerebri-formed by dura mater that dips into the longitudinal fissure and separates the 2 hemispheres • Falxcerebelli – separate the two cerebellar hemispheres

  35. The cranial meninges – dura mater • Superior sagittal Sinus – collects blood from the brain • Tentoriumcerebelli – separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

  36. The cranial meninges • Arachnoid • Subarachnoid space • Filled with CSF • Arachnoid villi – projections of the mater that protrude through the dura • For the CSF to drain back to the venous circulation

  37. The cranial meninges • Pia mater • Highly vascular • Covers the entire brain • Meningites

  38. The Relationship among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges

  39. Ventricles of the brain • Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Lateral ventricles • Septum pellucidum • Interventricular foramina or foramen of Monro

  40. Ventricles of the brain • Third ventricle • Cerebral aqueduct • Forth ventricle • 3 Apertures

  41. Ventricles of the Brain

  42. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • CSF cushions delicate neural structures • Supports the brain • Pathway of CSF • Produced at the Choroid plexus

  43. Cerebrospinal fluid • Travels through the apertures on the 4thventricle to the subarachnoid space • Diffuses across the arachnoid villus (granulation) into the superior sagittal sinus • Hydrocephalus

  44. The Circulation of CSF

  45. Cranial Nerves • 12 pairs of cranial nerves • To help to remember • “Old Opie Occasionally Tries Trigonometry And Fells Very Gloomy Vague And Hypoactive”

  46. The Cranial Nerves PLAY

  47. Cranial Nerves

  48. Cranial nerves

More Related