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D6 Antibacterials

D6 Antibacterials. Historical development of penicillin How penicillin works Patient compliance Overprescription. Bacteria. Bacteria are single cells with a protective cell-wall made up of complex structures of Peptidoglucans ‍They have a single chromosome- a plasmid

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D6 Antibacterials

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  1. D6 Antibacterials • Historicaldevelopmentof penicillin • How penicillin works • Patient compliance • Overprescription

  2. Bacteria • Bacteria are single cells with a protective cell-wall made up of complex structures of Peptidoglucans • ‍They have a single chromosome- a plasmid • Anaerobic (no need of oxygen) or aerobic (need oxygen) • ‍Some cause diseases, others are beneficial • Antibacterial are chemicals that prevent growth and multiplication of bacteria

  3. Earlyantibacterials • Trypan red, developed by the german chemist Paul Erlich (1854-1915) tocuresleepingsickness • Arsenamine, Salvarsan, wasdevelopedtocuresyphilis. Paul Erlichresponsible • Prontosil, a sulphadrug, usedagainststreptococcalbacteria (1935) • Penicillin (1928)!

  4. Fleming 1928 • WorkedwithStaphylococcusaureus • Leftpetridishwhenhewent on holiday • Discovered on comeback that it hadmoulded • The mouldproduced a substancethatinhibitedgrowthof the bacteria • Hecalled the substance penicillin, butdidn’tpursuehisdiscovery http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qeZLLhx5kU

  5. Florey and Chain 1941 • Learnedhowtoisolate and purify penicillin • Used penicillin on policemenwhowasdying from septicaemia (bloodpoisoning) • The structureof penicillin wasdetermined in 1950’s- chemistscould start synthesising it! • Fleming, Florey and Chainrecieved the Noble Prize in 1945

  6. How penicillin works • Interfereswith the enzymethatbuild the cell-wall (which animal cells don’thave) • The weakened cell-walldisintegrateswhile the bacteriumgrows, and it dies • Bacteriacanbecomeresistant by producing an enzymecalledpenicillinase, whichdeactivates the penicillin

  7. Modificationsof penicillin sidechain Benzylpencillin- has to be injected Beta-lactam-ring Benzylpencillinpotassium salt- morewatersoluble and less acidic

  8. Piperacillin- broad spectrumantibiotic Fluocloxacillin- is beta-lactamasestable Amoxillin- better absorbed, used orally

  9. Prescriptionofantibiotics • It’simportanttoeat the wholecureof penicillin and totake it reguarly • To not give the antibioticstosomeoneelse • Specificbacteriacrave different penicillins • Broad- and narrow-spectra penicillin • Combination ofdrugscan be used

  10. Dangerswith over-prescription • Resistantbacteria • Kill ”the good” bacteria • Bacteriabecomes immune- by mutation • Precribedalthough not needed

  11. MRSA-bacteria • Metillicin- ResistantStaphylococcusAureus • The ”super bug” • Makes beta-lactamasewhichdegrades penicillin Meticillin

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