Revision for Migration

1. Revision for Migration To be found in the textbook Pages 117 - 132

2. Introduction • Population change – where is it changing most and why? • Remember that birth rates/death rates refer to how many births/deaths per 1000 of the population • That if births outrun deaths, then the population must get larger – that is the natural increase – how much it does this is linked to the level of development of a country. • It used to be that in very poor countries where many of the children and babies died, that births and deaths just about kept pace. • However, health care has improved, so the death rate is beginning to come down, but in the poorer countries they still have lot children so now the birth rate outstrips the death rate and the natural increase can be quite frightening. • As countries develop more, the birth rate comes down so the rate of natural change is less. • By the time you get to Western Europe, the birth rate has dropped so much the natural rate of changing is going into reverse, and this is causing concerns about whether there will be enough people of the right age to do essential work.

4. Types of migration • Voluntary migration – move to a new home because they want to • Internal – within their own country • International - to another country

5. Types of migration • Internal Urban to rural – examples in MEDCs – counterurbanisation • Pushes: away from crime, noise, high house prices etc • Pulls : towards a quiet area that is safe for the children in a clean place or a nice place to retire to • Intervening obstacles – getting to work means a lot of travel or getting a new job may not be easy, social network

6. Types of migration • Rural to urban – examples in LEDCs – e.g. NE Brazil to Sao Paulo • Pushes: away from poverty, unemployment, poor healthcare and education • Pulls : work, bright lights, prosperity • Donor location (where they were from) – • Advantages – money sent home, fewer people going after jobs • Disadvantages – young fit healthy gone , fewer husbands/fathers • Host location (where they go) • Advantages – cheap labour willing to do the jobs other don’t want ( USA for Mexicans) • Disadvantages – pressure on local services like housing and sewage health etc ( Sao Paulo)

7. Types of migration • International migration: • Voluntary: Economic – to find work • Forced – they were made to move (Idi Amin from Uganda) or they went because they feared for their lives – Sudan at the moment or away from natural hazards like those who moved from Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines down to Manila. (Altho’ this is an example of internal migration) • Forced migration often leads to people seeking asylum in another country – if they are accepted then they become refugees with a status given by UNHCR, with associated rights for housing, healthcare, protection form persecution etc • But many criminals get involved in smuggling economic migrants and asylum seekers – who has a right to stay is sorted out using rules decided with UNHCR – e.g. boat people from N Africa to Italy and those coming into the UK on lorries.

8. Types of migration • International economic migrants who are welcome • After World War 2 there was a shortage of labour in a number of places – UK, France, Germany, as there was a lot of rebuilding , hospitals, London transport for example • So economic migrants were invited: • Turkey  Germany • N Africa  France • India, Pakistan, Caribbean  UK • And now all EU citizens have an absolute right to work in any other EU country – so often those from poorer countries come to richer ones e.g. Poles to UK until the last 2 years – these are often temporary e.g. fruit pickers

9. Using examples • Urban to rural – NE Brazil to Sao Paulo • Rural to Urban – London to villages around M4 corridor – counter urbanisation • Asylum seekers/refugees – Sudan • International migration – Mexico to USA • 1. Be sure you have sorted out the difference between pushes (things driving them away from where they live now) and pulls (things that attract them towards where they hope to go) • 2. Also there are advantages and disadvantages to the donor location ( where they come from) and to the host location (where they are going to) • Do not confuse 1 and 2

10. Using examples in Production • Need to be able to give examples of economic activity in 2 countries, one LEDC and one MEDC [learn the pie chart for 2] so you can compare them e.g • X has about 75% primary activity which shows that the majority are involved in farming etc • Whereas Y, which uses much of its land for food production only has 5% population involved, so this shows a high level of mechanisation etc etc

11. Using examples in Production • Case studies of recent changes in farming that attempt to overcome limitations of physical factors: • These are: • GM foods in USA • Irrigation and Green houses in Kenya • These can also be used to explain ways of overcoming food shortages – so if anything like that is mentioned pop these in!!

12. Using examples in Production • Case study of the factors affecting the development and location of one high-tech industry – M4 corridor – what can you remember? Never put a list – always explain • So • London to Bristol railway, M4 motorway, Heathrow • will NOT do • Good transport such as London to Bristol railway, M4 motorway, Heathrow Airport are important to allow easy transport of components in and finished goods to the market.

13. Using examples in Production • Case study of a nuclear power station (location factors, costs and benefits). • That has to be Sizewell • Again no lists please – • Close to the North Sea • Does not explain it at all – need to explain that a lot of heat is generated in the process and so a lot of water is required to cool it. If fresh water was used from inland, then huge cooling towers would be needed which are expensive and ugly and the warmer than average water put back in river causes heat pollution and damages the environment.