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Osmoregulation

Osmoregulation. The management of body’s water content and solute composition Maintains body cells’ cytoplasm composition Usually accomplished by managing interstitial fluid Animals with closed circulatory system accomplished by managing blood. Transport Epithelium.

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Osmoregulation

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  1. Osmoregulation • The management of body’s water content and solute composition • Maintains body cells’ cytoplasm composition • Usually accomplished by managing interstitial fluid • Animals with closed circulatory system accomplished by managing blood

  2. Transport Epithelium • Layer of specialized cells that regulate solute movement • Move specific solutes in controlled amounts in particular directions • In most animals arranged in network of tubes with large surface area! • Dual function: maintain water balance and secrete wastes • Example in bird salt gland

  3. Nitrogen Waste from Protein Metabolism • Ammonia- water soluble but toxic. Aquatic animals often secrete ammonia • Urea- combines ammonia with CO2, low toxicity, less water needed, but costs energy to make • Uric Acid- insoluble in water, secreted as a paste, requires less water, costs more energy to make • Type of waste produced depends on habitat and evolution Shelled Eggs

  4. Osmoregulators vs. Osomoconformers • Osmoconformer – body is isotonic to surroundings (only works for marine organisms in a stable environment) • Osmoregulator – controls internal osmolarity (can live in environments osmoconfomers can’t) • Osmoregulation has an energy cost • Expend energy to maintain gradients that allow water to move in or out

  5. Water Balance at Sea • Most marine invertebrates and hagfish are osmoconformers • Marine vertebrate osmoregulators • In general marine vertebrates are hypoosmotic to seawater, and constantly loose water • Drink lots of water, and excrete excess salts, little urine produced

  6. Water Balance in Fresh Water • In general freshwater organisms are hyperosmotic to surroundings and constantly gain water and lose salts • Freshwater fish excrete a lot of dilute urine to get rid of excess water

  7. Water Balance on Land • Water loss greatest threat to terrestrial plants and animals • Humans die when lose 12% of body water • Despite adaptations, water still lost in feces, urine, moist surfaces of gas exchange • Combated by drinking, and metabolic water

  8. Basic Model of Excretory Systems

  9. Planarian - Protonephridia

  10. Annelid - Metanephridia

  11. Terrestrial Arthropod – Malpighian Tube

  12. Vertebrate Excretory System

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