JFK –LBJ- Nixon: Vietnam and Domestic Events

1. JFK –LBJ- Nixon: Vietnam and Domestic Events

2. JFK – Domestic and Foreign Policy • Increased military spending • Bay of Pigs – US tried to overthrow Communist gov’t in Cuba (fidel Castro) • CIA trained anti-Castro Cubans > info leaked to Castro • Military disaster

3. JFK – Domestic and Foreign Policy • Berlin Wall • After the disaster of the Bay of Pigs > Khrushchev tries to intimidate JFK and get him to leave Berlin • JFK refuses > Berlin Wall built

4. JFK – Domestic and Foreign Policy • Cuban Missile Crisis • Soviets places missiles in Cuba and aimed them at US • Oct 22, 1963 > JFK ordered a naval blockade of Cuba • Blockade was successful > no more weapons to Cuba and missiles were removed

5. JFK – Domestic and Foreign Policy • Peace Corps: American volunteering to go to developing countries to assist > help to spread democracy • Alliance for Progress > improve US relationship with Latin America

6. JFK – Domestic and Foreign Policy • “New Frontier” • April 1961 > Soviets orbit the Earth • May 1961 > Alan Shepard orbits the Earth > Feb 1962 John Glenn orbits the Earth 3 times • Civil Rights • 1963 > Proposes 2 Civil Rights bill with help of his brother – Robert Kennedy (bans discrimination in business and voting) • 1962 > 24th Amendment > prohibiting poll tax • 1962 > U of Mississippi > James Meredith • Nov 22, 1963 > Kennedy assassinated in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald • LBJ takes over as President

7. Beyond Conspiracy - Kennedy assassination - YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbXI0WSlTGw Kennedy Assassination

8. Pre-US Involvement • During WWII – Ho ChiMihn (rebel leader) approached the US for assistance in gaining their independence from France • US refused to give Ho any time so he turns to China (Communism)

9. Fight for Independence • Early 1950’s Vietnam is in a full scale revolt to get rid of the French • The French want to leave but the US insists that they stay (domino theory) • US gives France money and weapons to keep their occupation in Vietnam • 1954 > French army massacred at Dienbienphu and withdraws

10. North and South Divided • When Vietnam gained their independence, North and South Vietnam became divided • North – Ho Chi Mihn (Communist) • South – Diem (democratic)

11. Elections to Unify Vietnam • Elections were suppose to be held the unify the North and South • Diem and US knew that if the elections were held, Ho Chi Mihn would win and make Vietnam a Communist country • So Diem kept stalling and pushed off the elections • This led the many South Vietnamese turning against democracy and siding with Ho Chi Mihn and the North

12. Getting Rid of Diem • President Diem became uncontrollable by early 1960’s • Stopped listening to the US, who supplied him with weapons and $ to hold off Ho Chi Mihn • Started to become greedy and only listened to his wife and brother-in-law • Us had him assassinated in 1963

13. US Involvement under JFK • After Diem assassination there was chaos in South Vietnam – no other leaders that could control the South • US had to assert more control • JFK increased # of US “advisors’’ already in Vietnam to 16,000

14. LBJ and Vietnam • Escalation of Vietnam • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • US boat attacked in waters off North Vietnam • Congress gave President Johnson the power take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacked against US • They never mention in Vietnam • Like a blank check for the military • Increases # of troops and starts Rolling Thunder

15. Rolling Thunder: Air Superiority vs. Guerilla Warfare

16. Why Fight? • Prevent the Fall to Communism • Stop Aggressor nations • We are a SUPERPOWER and a DEMOCRACY

17. LBJ and the Home front • Resistance to the War • Anti-War Movement • Hawks and Doves • Teach-ins – college movement • Draft resisters • Hippies and Flower Children – Start of the Counter Culture Movement

18. A Country Divided

19. The Great Society • LBJ’s domestic policy becomes known as the Great Society • Extension of the New Deal • Programs for the low incomes/ underprivileged • More programs passed than FDR in his first 100 days

20. LBJ’s Downfall • LBJ tries to do too much • He can’t push his Great Society and the same time as fighting a controversial war • He divides the country • The federal government tries to hide the negatives and only reports the positive of the war • Problem was there was live footage being sent home and the gov’t couldn’t control the TV

21. LBJ’s Downfall • Johnson announces in 1968 that he will not seek another term as President • Johnson's Speech

22. Nixon and Vietnam • Escalates war even more to 540,000 • Runs on a policy of Vietnamization – South is going to take more responsibility for the war • Reduce US involvement • Can’t reduce because South Vietnam is not strong enough

23. Nixon and Vietnamization • Nixon orders more bombings through Rolling Thunder • Invasion of Cambodia • Bombings of the HO Chi Mihn Trail

24. Ho Chi Mihn Trail

25. More Unrest in the US • Country gets more divided on the expansion of the bombings • Kent State Protest

26. Kent State Protest

27. Bringing Home US Troops • Dec 1970 Congress repeals the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Sept 1972 > withdrawing of troops > only 60,000 left > Nixon continues the bombings • Oct 1972 > cease fire is reached • Nixon announces on the eve of election day> Nixon wins re-election • Talks falter between two sides • Jan 1973 > “Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam’’ was signed • US troops are withdrawn over the next few months

28. Results of the War • Longest war in US history • 57,000 deaths • 300,000 wounded • $150 billion spent on the war • War Powers Act • The President can sends troops into action for 60 days then must get permission from Congress to keep them in action • (Congress never specifically gave the President permission for Vietnam > No declaration of war)

29. Civil Rights Movement • NON-VIOLENT • Sit-ins: a form of protests in which protesters seat themselves and refuse to move. (Greensboro) • - ex. CORE created a sit-in to desegregate a coffee house in Chicago • * protesters sat there until they were served • * two outcomes > either arrested or served

30. Civil Rights Movement • Freedom Rides: civil rights protest in which a racially mixed group of protesters challenged segregated buses and bus terminals by riding on buses • - 13 riders, white and black • - started May 4, 1961 > left Washington, D.C. • - ended May 24,25 > mass arrests in bus terminal in Jackson, Miss. • - violence endured throughout the trip • Albany Movement: year-long protests in Georgia

31. Civil Rights Movement • Selma March > walk from Selma to Montgomery to demand voting votes • - 1st try stopped by police • - 2nd try was successful • * more people joined > 25,000 people • * help from Johnson & federal government

32. Civil Rights Movement • Kennedy gave support for the Civil Rights Movement • - proposed a bill in 1963 > bill was blocked by Southern Democrats • Johnson took over > said "the most eloquent way to honor Kennedy's memory was the passage of the civil rights bill"

33. Civil Rights Movement • Civil rights Act of 1964 * prohibited voter discrimination & discrimination in public accommodations • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • - removed literacy tests and poll taxes • - federal officials could register voters where state officials blocked registration of African Americans • - 1965 > 400,000 African Americans registered to vote in the South

34. Civil Rights Movement • VIOLENT • Malcolm X > started the Nation of Islam • - preached separation and self-help • - black nationalism > a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community • - "if someone punches you, punch them back"

35. Civil Rights Movement • The Black Power Movement • - Black Panthers > led by Huey Newton > Black Muslims are another civil rights group • - same beliefs as the Nation of Islam on how to gain more rights by using violence

36. Other Civil Rights Movements • Civil Rights Accomplishments (Civil Rights Act of 64 and Votings Rights Act of 65) spurr on other movements

37. Women’s Rights Movement • Pushing for equality • Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique • ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) > dies after 10 years because not enough states approve

38. Native American Movement • AIM (American Indian Movement) • Addressed issues plagued Native Americans (poverty, crime, treaty issues and reservations • Took over Bureau of Indian Affairs in D.C. and Alcatraz • Oneida Indian Nation vs. NY ( S.C. ruled that Native Americans has the right to sue for their original land)

39. Hispanic American Movement • Cesar Chavez (leader of movement) • For better working conditions/higher pay for migrant workers • Mostly on the west coast • Formed the National Farm Workers Association > later becomes theUnited Farm Workers union