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The Biology of the Mind

The Biology of the Mind. Neuroscience and Behavior. What are neurons?. How do they transmit information?. Neurons. Nerve cells Basic building blocks of the body’s information processing system. Made up of Dendrites Axons. Dendrites. Receive information. Axon fibers.

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The Biology of the Mind

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  1. The Biology of the Mind Neuroscience and Behavior

  2. What are neurons? • How do they transmit information?

  3. Neurons • Nerve cells • Basic building blocks of the body’s information processing system. • Made up of • Dendrites • Axons

  4. Dendrites • Receive information

  5. Axon fibers • Transmit information to other • Neurons • Muscles • Glands

  6. How do neurons communicate to other cells to influence our behavior?

  7. Synapse (Synaptic gap) • Chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) bridge the gap • Rats in an enriched environment will increase their synapses.

  8. Neurotransmitters • Enable communication between neurons

  9. Endorphins • Neurotransmitters (similar to morphine) • Reduces pain • E.g. Childbirth

  10. What are the parts of your nervous system? • What do these parts do?

  11. Nervous system • Central nervous system • Brain and spinal column • Peripheral nervous system • Links central nervous system (spinal cord) to sense receptors, muscles and glands

  12. Central Nervous system • Brain and spinal column • Severed spinal cord E.g. • E.g. -Sally - knee jerk reaction without sensation of a tap on the knee • Bill - No genital sensations, but has an erection when stimulated.

  13. Peripheral Nervous System • Sympathetic nervous system (Arousing) • Increases heartbeat & blood pressure • Parasympathetic nervous system (Calming)

  14. Reflex • Simple reflex pathway • Knee-jerk reaction

  15. Brain evolution • Brain stem • Limbic system • Cerebral cortex

  16. Brain stem Brainstemthe oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. Responsible for automatic survival functions.

  17. Brain Stem Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing. Reticular Formationa nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

  18. Limbic system • Between the brain stem and the Cerebral cortex • Includes: • Hippocampus • Memory • Amygdala • Emotion • Aggression & Fear • Hypothalamus • Hunger, thirst, temperature, & sex

  19. Amygdala Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to emotion of fear and anger.

  20. Hypothalamus Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking body temperature, and emotions. Helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

  21. Internal brain Overview

  22. Cerebellum • Coordinates movements

  23. Cerebral cortex

  24. Cerebral cortex • Left = Logical (Math) • Right = Creative (Music)

  25. Sensory & Motor cortex

  26. Visual & auditory cortex

  27. Reading out loud

  28. Hearing, Seeing,Speaking

  29. Cerebral cortex comparison • Best distinguishes us from other animals

  30. Association areas of cortex

  31. Corpus Callosum • Transmits information from one cerebral hemisphere to the other

  32. Brain Plasticity • Brain adjusts after damage • Blind learning to read brail

  33. Phineas gage • Damage to frontal lobe

  34. Recording the brain’s activity • Creating images of the brain’s activity

  35. Electroencephalogram (EEG) • Brain waves - Recording electrical activity

  36. Brain imaging techniques (creating images) • CT scan • MRI scan • PET scan

  37. CT Scan • Computed tomography • X-ray photographs

  38. MRI Scan (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) • Magnetic fields and radio waves create images of the brain’s soft tissues. • Normal Schizophrenic

  39. fMRI Scan (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

  40. PET Scan • Positron emission tomography scan • Radioactive glucose

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