Biodiesel: Fuel Source for Stationary Sources

1. 1 Biodiesel: Fuel Source for Stationary Sources Stationary Combustion Sources Workgroup Meeting August 9, 2005 Serpil Guran Ph.D. NJDEP-DSRT/BSCIT

2. 2 What is Fine Particulate Matter? Fine particulate matter, PM2.5, is a mixture of fine liquid or solid particles such as dust, smoke, mist fumes or smog. Several thousand could fit on the period at the end of this sentence. Larger particles (> PM10) deposit in the upper respiratory tract - the smaller, inhalable particles (= PM10) penetrate into the lungs (PM2.5 more so than PM10-2.5).

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4. 4 Fine Particulates � Health Effects Premature death Respiratory related hospital admissions and emergency room visits Aggravated asthma Coughing and difficulty or pain breathing Chronic bronchitis Decreased lung function Work and school absences * Estimates of premature mortality from heart and respiratory problems indicate that fine particulates pose the greatest single risk to New Jerseyans * Decreased lung function can cause shortness of breath * Acute respiratory symptoms * Giants stadium seats 79,464 people * Estimates of premature mortality from heart and respiratory problems indicate that fine particulates pose the greatest single risk to New Jerseyans * Decreased lung function can cause shortness of breath * Acute respiratory symptoms * Giants stadium seats 79,464 people

5. 5 The Visibility and Haze Connection to Fine Particles Visibility impairment is one of the most obvious effects of fine particles. It occurs at many natural parks and wilderness areas (also known as Class 1 areas) NJ has a protected Class 1 area located in Atlantic County - The Brigantine Wilderness Area of the Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge

6. 6 BostonBoston

7. 7 Fine Particles: USEPA to propose PM2.5 rule in 6 weeks and to be adopted next year. Argus Air Daily July 29, 2005

8. 8 What is Biodiesel? Alternative fuel and/or oxygenate additive for diesel fuels to lower particulate matter, toxic matter and carbon dioxide emissions from: On and off road vehicles; Stationary and mobile power generators; and Commercial and residential heating units that burn diesel fuel.

9. 9 What is Biodiesel? Biodiesel can be produced from a variety of renewable sources: Vegetable Oils (Soybeans or other crops) Recycled cooking grease (Yellow Grease) Animal fats (Tallow/poultry fats) Grease trap waste (Brown Grease)

10. 10 Basic Production TechnologyMulti-Feedstock's

11. 11 Biodiesel definition ASTM D 6751 - �mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils and animal fats� Biodiesel refers to the pure or neat fuel, B100 Blends of biodiesel can be B(5), B(20), etc.

12. 12 Biodiesel Properties & Attributes Seamless and transparent with existing petroleum infrastructure Completely miscible with middle distillate fuel pool High Cetane (50 vs 40) High Lubricity (300 HFRR) � (HFRR, High Frequency Reciprocating Rig, accepted ASTM test standard) BTU Content (128,000 comparable to kerosene) Cold Flow (5-7o F > for soy-based B20) Flash Point (>300oF vs 117o F) Safety � Health Effects tests confirm it is 10x less toxic than table salt and biodegrades as fast as sugar. No nitrogen or aromatics Biodegradable and non-toxic Virtually sulfur free The only liquid alternative fuel that subjected itself to EPA�s Tier 1 & 2 Health Effects testing, passing with flying colors. What makes the blend of #2 / diesel and Biodiesel so great is both have core properties that make the blend very attractive. The only liquid alternative fuel that subjected itself to EPA�s Tier 1 & 2 Health Effects testing, passing with flying colors. What makes the blend of #2 / diesel and Biodiesel so great is both have core properties that make the blend very attractive.

13. 13 Benefits of Biodiesel: Biodiesel and biodiesel blends offer many benefits, including: reduced CO, HC, sulfur, PAH and PM exhaust emissions reduced health risks associated with diesel exhaust reduced greenhouse gas emissions decreased dependence on petroleum imports developing new markets for agricultural products such as soybeans.

14. 14 Biodiesel Exhaust Emissions: Transportation

15. 15 Rowan University Biodiesel Test Results:

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19. 19 PM Results � Cummins ISB

20. 20 Biodiesel: For Stationary Diesel Engines

21. 21 Could biodiesel be a fuel source for stationary internal combustion engines? Lack of emissions test data Diesel generator operators are seeking ways to replace lubrication value provided by sulfur when the USEPA requirements on Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) take effect on 2006 Tax credit opportunity will lower the price of biodiesel blends to be close to straight diesel costs

22. 22 IOWA CASE: Iowa Association of Municipal Utilities(IAMU) and Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) collaboration Two stationary diesel engines were tested 1972 Cooper unit (2,650 kW) 1999 CAT engine (1,825 kW) B10 was used as fuel for the experiments

23. 23 IOWA CASE: Engine Fuel lb/MMBTU NOx lb/MMBTU particulate 1972 Cooper Diesel 6.23 0.14 10% biodiesel 6.95 0.13 Percent change 11.5% increase -7.3 % decrease 1999 Caterpillar Diesel 4.79 0.14 10% biodiesel 4.18 0.05 Percent change -12.9% decrease -60.5% decrease

24. 24 IOWA CASE: IDNR accepted test methods and results Adopted a rule on June 2005 Blends of diesel #1 fuel oil and #2 fuel oil with up to 2.0 % biodiesel (B2) are equivalent to unblended diesel Construction and Operating permits with restrictions for diesel #1 or # 2 oils will include biodiesel/fuel oil blend

25. 25 Brookhaven National LaboratoryTest Results

26. 26 The Fuel for heating:

27. 27 Storage Questions

28. 28 Storage Stability Biostab � major European study on stability 15 month storage test � no strong change observed in quality parameters Oxidation does occur slowly, antioxidants (Tocopherols) have been shown to be effective Housekeeping � water control important

29. 29 Storage:

30. 30 Pour Point

31. 31 Fuel Pumps

32. 32 Emissions

33. 33 NOx � low emission burner

34. 34 Field Trials Three year, 100 homes B 20 with Abbott and Mills. Included limited B 100 test Field tests with National Park Service � started Fall 2004 Studies in NYC multifamily buildings � currently in planning stage.

35. 35 Sulfur Impacts on Boiler Fouling

36. 36 Sulfur Impacts on PM 2.5

37. 37 Findings: At the B 20 level, Biodiesel very compatible with oil-fired heating systems and provide positive emissions benefits. Long term, large scale storage implications do not seem to be a large concern. At higher concentrations low S a premium benefit Biofuel properties match well with the technology trends in the industry.

38. 38 Summary and Comparison of several findings and Conclusions: Rowan University has proved that with ULSD NOx emissions does not increase and may decrease. IAMU has proved that with newer stationary sources NOx emissions would decrease. Brookhaven National Laboratory has proved that Biodiesel blends used in residential and commercial heaters would reduce NOx emissions.

39. 39 Summary and Comparison of several findings and Conclusions: Biodiesel should NOT be considered as a potential source for NOx emissions increase. More testing is necessary: ULSD /biodiesel blends for stationary sources and transportation Voluntary usage should be supported. As in IOWA case, after 2006 with ULSD mandate, even small percentages of renewable biodiesel lubrication will help somewhat reducing emissions of PM, toxics, & GHG.

40. 40 New Jersey Biodiesel Activities Medford Twp. Biodiesel School Bus Program State contract for B20 NJDOT Biodiesel Usage NJBPU Biodiesel Fuel Rebate Program

41. 41 Medford Twp. Project 5-year demonstration project Began June, 1997 Used B20 in half their school buses Funded by $115,000 U.S. Dept. of Energy grant, NJBPU, Medford Twp. Based on Medford Twp�s success, NJDOT began using biodiesel in its fleet.

42. 42 Biodiesel on State contract Contract # T-1844 B20 fuel supplied by World Energy Alternatives Biodiesel must meet ASTM D6751 specification Local governments, school districts, etc. may purchase off state contract.

43. 43 NJDOT Biodiesel Usage Began using B20 in April, 2001. Used at Fernwood facility (DOE Headquarters). In 4 years, over 415,000 gal. of B20 consumed. Cost difference paid by NJBPU (currently approx. $0.20/gallon.

44. 44 Biodiesel Fuel Rebate Program Initiated by NJBPU in July, 2003. Initial funding: $500,000 Local governments, state colleges, boards of education, governmental authorities eligible. Rebates incremental cost of using biodiesel in lieu of 100% petroleum diesel.

45. 45 Biodiesel Fuel Rebate Program Agreements signed or pending with 11 entities. As of June, 2005, over 81,000 gal. of B20 used at a cost of approx. $18,500. Avg. incremental cost to date of $0.23/gal. Cost has come down as biodiesel use has become more widespread.

46. 46 Examples of Rebate Program Participants Teaneck Twp. � 40,130 gal. of B20 used from April, 2004 � April, 2005. Sanitation trucks, dump trucks, fire engines, other heavy equipment. Pittsgrove Twp. Board of Ed. � 28,800 gal. of B20 used, September � December, 2004. 32 school buses, plus sanitation trucks, dump trucks, pickups, other heavy duty vehicles.

47. 47 Rebate Program Participants, cont�d. Atlantic County Utilities Authority 2,762 gal. of B20 used in pilot project. Signed MOU to expand project to entire fleet: Approx. 372,000 gallons of diesel used per year.

48. 48 Future Programs? Renew agreement with NJDOT re: biodiesel cost reimbursement Additional funding for Biodiesel Rebate Program. Bioheat rebate program for schools. Biodiesel rebate program for farmers. Contact: Ellen Bourbon, NJBPU, 609-984-3058