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Overview of U.S. Counter-Terrorism The United States and Gender, National Security, and Counter-Terrorism Istanbul Work

Core U.S. Counter-Terrorism Policy Areas. Military engagement and counter-terrorismHumanitarian and development assistance and countering violent extremism (CVE)Intelligence partnerships: rendition, secret detention, torture, targeted killingsAnti-terrorism financing laws Border security an

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Overview of U.S. Counter-Terrorism The United States and Gender, National Security, and Counter-Terrorism Istanbul Work

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    1. Overview of U.S. Counter-Terrorism The United States and Gender, National Security, and Counter-Terrorism Istanbul Workshop October 15-16 2010

    2. Core U.S. Counter-Terrorism Policy Areas Military engagement and counter-terrorism Humanitarian and development assistance and countering violent extremism (CVE) Intelligence partnerships: rendition, secret detention, torture, targeted killings Anti-terrorism financing laws Border security and cross border movement

    3. 2010 National Security Strategy Defeating al-Qa’ida (particularly in Afghanistan and Pakistan) and denying it “safe havens” in Yemen and the Maghreb; transitioning to “full Iraqi sovereignty and responsibility,” developing Iraqi democracy, and promoting an Iraqi Government that denies assistance to terrorists; pursuing peace between Israel and the Palestinian people, Lebanon, and Syria; engaging with Muslim communities on a range of political and security matters and through this engagement demonstrating the U.S.’ commitment to “security and opportunity” for all; collaborating with Turkey on a broad range of issues, especially stability in its region; and developing security relationships with Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and other GCC countries to facilitate cooperation between militaries and defense systems. U.S. counter-terrorism strategy reflects the three Ds of the 2010 National Security Strategy: diplomacy, development and defense.

    4. Core U.S. Initiatives Regional: Department of State (DOS) Counterterrorism Regional Strategy Initiatives (RSI) Multi Agency Trans-Sahara Counter Terrorism Partnership (TSCTP) DOS Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) Department of Defense (DOD) U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM), U.S. European Command (EUCOMM), U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM)

    5. Counterterrorism Regional Strategic Initiative (RSI) Operated by: DOS; the DOS Coordinator for Counter-Terrorism is responsible for the RSI program which is the principal means by which the U.S. Government’s counter-terrorism activities are coordinated and the President’s National Security Strategy is implemented. It has strong interagency support and participation. Created in: 2006 Countries covered: Operates in eight regions including Eastern Mediterranean, Iraq and its Neighbors, South Asia, and the Trans-Sahara. Aims: To enhance counter-terrorism cooperation and coordinate regional counter-terrorism efforts and strategy.

    6. Trans-Sahara Counter Terrorism Partnership (TSCTP) Operated by: Multiple agencies; diplomacy (DOS), development (USAID), and defense (DOD) Created in: 2005 Countries covered include: Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia Aim: To serve as the primary instrument of U.S. counter-terrorism strategy in northwestern Africa. Countering Violent Extremism activities include: Diplomacy – education programs and law enforcement counter-terrorism trainings; Development – promotion of health, economic growth, and humanitarian assistance; Defense – training militaries in border control and developing military infrastructure.

    7. Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) Operated by: Department of State Created in: 2002 Countries covered: Middle East and North Africa Aims: “MEPI projects mainly support civil society, the private sector, and academic institutions in their efforts to enhance citizens’ economic, social, and political empowerment; expand opportunities for women and youth; and help communities participate together with governments in shaping their own futures.” Countering Violent Extremism activities include: Encouraging greater women’s participation in politics through training, mentoring, and strengthening women’s civil society membership.

    8. U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) Counter-terrorism activities include: Conducting military operations (e.g. in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, and Yemen). Training, cooperating with, and conducting joint exercises with militaries (e.g. with Jordan). Crisis response, development, and reconstruction to “establish the conditions for regional security, stability and prosperity” (e.g. via Provisional Reconstruction Teams in Iraq and Afghanistan). Area of Operation: Afghanistan, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen

    9. U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM); U.S. European Command (EUCOM) AFRICOM Counter-terrorism activities include: Training, equipment, assistance and advice to local militaries; Military support for development and humanitarian assistance (“hearts and minds”); Support for specific military engagements. AFRICOM Area of Operation: Responsible for Africa except Egypt EUCOM Counter-terrorism activities include: Military operations; Building partner capacity through bilateral and multilateral military trainings; Humanitarian assistance. EUCOM Area of Operation: Responsible for 51 countries including Israel, the Occupied Palestinian Territories, and Turkey

    10. U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) Operated by: Department of Defense Area of Operation: Global; active in 75 countries Counter-terrorism activities include: In Yemen, USSOCOM is involved in unilateral strikes (including via drones), training of local forces, and joint operations. Capture kill operations, including of Saddam Hussein. Active in Pakistan and Afghanistan.

    11. Core U.S. Initiatives Bilateral: Department of State Anti-Terrorism Assistance (ATA) Program Terrorist Designations and Counterterrorism Financing (CTF) Program U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Global Train and Equip Program (Section 1206 Funding) International Military Education and Training (IMET) Office of Prosecutorial Development, Assistance and Training (OPDAT) Intelligence Operations

    12. Anti-Terrorism Assistance (ATA) Program Operated by: Department of State, Office of Antiterrorism Assistance Created in: 1983 Countries covered: Top twenty country recipients include Jordan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Egypt, The West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen, Turkey, and Morocco. Mission: “The ATA program trains civilian security and law enforcement personnel from friendly governments in police procedures that deal with terrorism.” Activities: Protecting national borders, infrastructure; and leadership; “Responding to and resolving terrorist incidents;” “Managing critical terrorists incidents having national-level implications.”

    13. Terrorist Designations and Counterterrorism Financing (CTF) Program DOS Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) Designations: 47 organizations designated including Hamas, Hizballah, and al-Qa’ida; Freezing of assets and no "material support or resources" by U.S. persons; Department of Treasury, The Office of Foreign Assets Control: Enforces economic sanctions (e.g. asset blocking) against listed countries and individuals on Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) List (100+ pages); Prohibits U.S. persons transacting with listed countries/individuals unless authorized or statute-exempted. CTF Program: 12 within top 15: Afghanistan, Iraq, Turkey, the West Bank and Gaza, Algeria, Yemen, Tunisia, Egypt, Pakistan, Jordan and Morocco. Activities: “…assists frontline partners in detecting, isolating, and dismantling terrorist financial networks; in depriving terrorists of funding for their operations; and in cash courier training in priority nations, which has been identified as a key U.S. initiative.”

    14. U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Area of Operation: USAID operates in seven countries in the Middle East (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, West Bank/Gaza, and Yemen). USAID Asia carries out operations in Pakistan and Afghanistan.   Counter-terrorism related goals: Mitigating and Managing Conflict Counter-terrorism activities include: Multiagency coordination to develop “assistance programs to deny support and sanctuary for terrorists and diminish the underlying conditions they seek to exploit”; Identifying the root causes of conflict and insurgency (e.g. Tactical Conflict Assessment Framework (TCAF) used by DOD); Supporting the Afghan-U.S. Counterinsurgency (COIN) Strategy through rapid response development projects; Implementing programs to provide youth with work opportunities and promote participation in civil society in Iraq and Yemen.

    15. Global Train and Equip Program (Section 1206 Funding) Operated by: Department of Defense Created in: 2005 Countries covered: Global program with over 40% of its funding going to Yemen, Pakistan, and Lebanon. Aims: To enable foreign militaries and maritime security forces to perform counterterrorism operations and to participate in or support U.S. operations. Activities: For FY2010 approximately 2/3 (=$155.3 million) allocated to Yemen for counterterrorism with $64 million to 12 European countries for NATO in Afghanistan. Funding primarily to counterterrorism equipment and related training.

    16. International Military Education and Training (IMET) Operated by: Department of Defense Countries covered: Global Aims: To further regional stability through military-to-military relations which result in increased defense cooperation and understanding and to increase the ability of foreign militaries and civilian personnel to learn and observe democratic values and protect human rights. Activities: Formal instruction; On-the-job training and; Mobile education teams.

    17. Office of Prosecutorial Development, Assistance and Training (OPDAT) Operated by: Department of Justice Created in: 1991 Countries covered: Global; Resident Legal Advisors (RLAs) in over 37 countries. Activities: Assisting foreign prosecutors and judicial personnel to develop effective criminal justice institutions, including through legislative change (e.g. in Turkey assisting in implementing of anti-terror legislation, and enhancing investigatory and prosecutorial capabilities). Preparing hosts to cooperate with the U.S. in combating terrorism, trafficking, and other transnational crimes.

    18. Intelligence Operations Drone Attacks Operated by CIA and Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) Drone killings based on each agency’s “Kill List” “Detainee Operations” e.g. in U.S. custody in Afghanistan, Guantanamo Bay   Interrogation inside and outside the U.S. e.g. “High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group” (inter-agency, mobile, housed in FBI) Rendition/“Transfer Policy”: Continued transfer but more safeguards

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