Introduction Roads help define the spatial geometry of forest fragmentation

1. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative AnalysisStephen Perz, Marcellus Caldas, Robert Walker, Carlos Souza Jr.

2. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Introduction • Roads help define the spatial geometry of forest fragmentation • There is substantial research on the ecological consequences of forest fragmentation • Species diversity, seedling recruitment, biomass, carbon, etc.

3. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Introduction • Less attention has gone to roads as determinants of the spatial geometry of fragmentation • We need to better understand the socio-spatial processes behind road networks with different “spatial architectures” • Road-building has distinct histories in different parts of the Amazon

4. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Introduction • This presentation analyzes two road networks in the Amazon with distinct spatial architectures • We focus on the cases of Uruará PA, and Sinop, MT

5. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Uruará, PA • Transamazon highway with linear settlement roads • The classic “fishbone” pattern of forest fragmentation • Many small clearings forming irregularly-shaped fragments

6. Spatial pattern of defn by roads?

7. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Sinop, MT • BR-163 with secondary roads • Rectilinear road architecture, differs from the “fishbone” • Large square clearings alongside large square blocks of forest

9. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • The need for explanation • Why the differences in road network architecture and the spatial geometry of forest fragmentation?

10. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • The need for explanation • Comparative analysis of the two sites: • Similarities and especially contrasts • Biophysical features • Initial conditions • Subsequent change dynamics

11. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Similarities • Both Uruará and Sinop…

12. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Similarities • Both Uruará and Sinop… • 1. Were established via construction of federal highways • Transamazon (BR-230) and Cuiabá-Santarem (BR-163)

13. BR-163, Cuiabá-Santarém BR-230, Transamazônica

14. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Similarities • Both Uruará and Sinop… • 2. Exhibited subsequent forest clearing • Crop cultivation, pasture formation, urban growth

15. Uruará Sinop

16. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Similarities • Both Uruará and Sinop… • 3. Exhibited secondary road extensions after construction of federal highways • Settlement roads, logging roads, etc.

17. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Biophysical features

18. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Biophysical features • 1. Topography • Uruará is relatively hilly • Sinop is largely flat

19. Uruará Sinop

20. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Biophysical features • 2. Proximity to major markets • Uruará is farther north and relatively isolated • Sinop is closer to the Brazilian center-south

21. Transport costs ($/ton) to São Paulo, 1995 Fonte: Eustaquio Reis, IPEA Uruará Sinop São Paulo

22. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Initial conditions

23. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Initial conditions • 1. Motive for colonization • Uruará – agrarian reform for state legitimacy under military dictatorship • Sinop – facilitate land investment by private interests

24. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Initial conditions • 2. Type of colonization • Uruará – state-directed; INCRA • Sinop – led by private firms; Colonizadora SINOP (Sociedade Imobiliaria do Noroeste do Paraná)

25. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Initial conditions • 3. Process of defining the secondary road network • Uruará – pre-planned by INCRA in Brasília • Sinop – pre-planned in and near urban areas; emerged spontaneously elsewhere

26. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Initial conditions • 4. Design of secondary road network architecture • Uruará – feeder roads in 5-km intervals for smallholder colonization, access to main highway • Sinop – Far from towns, roads ran between large landholdings • Near towns, roads paralleled rivers to avoid bridges and ensure access to water

28. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Initial conditions • 5. Federal highway construction and initial land acquisition • Uruará – Transamazon built around 1970, then colonists arrived and chose lots during the 1970s • Sinop – Lots and glebas sold during the 1960s, then the state built BR-163 in the 1970s

29. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Initial conditions • 6. Property size distribution • Uruará – standard lot size of 100 ha • A few glebas 500-3000 ha • Sinop – many glebas up to 9990 ha • Also lots 50-200 ha; peri-urban chácaras 10-50 ha

30. Fonte: IBGE, Censo Agropecuário 1995/96.

31. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Subsequent change dynamics

32. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Subsequent change dynamics • 1. In-migrant groups • Uruará – landless families, especially from the northeast; a few capitalized interest groups • Sinop – many capitalized interests, especially from the south; rural poor as well

33. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Subsequent change dynamics • 2. Reasons for expansion of secondary roads • Uruará – excess demand for land; informal colonization beyond feeder roads, pressure on INCRA to extend roads

34. Uruará: First,a footpath… Later,a secondary road

35. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Subsequent change dynamics • 3. Reasons for expansion of secondary roads • Uruará – excess demand for land; informal colonization beyond feeder roads, pressure on INCRA to extend roads • Sinop – private investment; roads to reach glebas, timber

36. Sinop: Logging Road Farm road

37. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Subsequent change dynamics • 4. Logging economy • Uruará – relatively small; about 20 sawmills, small and medium • Sinop – emerged earlier, relatively large; about 260 sawmills; specialized; small to very large; exports

38. Sinop

39. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Subsequent change dynamics • 5. Agroindustry • Uruará – not important yet, 1 small grain silo • Beginning to emerge due to Cargill port in Santarém • Sinop – very important, many large grain silos • Flat topography, market proximity, large properties, capital • Mechanized cultivation, heavy use of inputs, large fields • Soy, corn, rice, sorghum, etc.

40. Uruará Santarém Sinop

41. Fonte: IBGE, Censo Agropecuário 1995/96.

42. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Subsequent change dynamics • 6. Capital accumulation • Uruará – variable among colonists due to price fluctuations for perennial crops • Sinop – substantial among large timber processing firms and landowners with agroindustrial activities

43. Fonte: IBGE, Censo Agropecuário 1995/96.

44. Uruará Sinop

45. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Contrasts – Subsequent change dynamics • 7. Size of areas cleared • Uruará – many small areas due to 100-ha lots; many patches • Sinop – many large areas due to glebas, agroindustry

46. Uruará Sinop

47. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • An Interpretation • Uruará – fishbone road architecture and fragmentation geometry • Due to state design for small-scale colonization, sustained by remote location and crop price fluctuations, limited in-migration of capital and capital accumulation

48. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • An Interpretation • Uruará – fishbone road architecture and fragmentation geometry • Due to state design for small-scale colonization, sustained by remote location and crop price fluctuations, limited in-migration of capital and capital accumulation • Sinop – rectilinear road architecture and fragmentation geometry • Due to numerous large glebas, large-scale timber economy, in-migration of capital, agroindustry facilitated by flat topography, capital accumulation

49. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Conclusions

50. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis • Conclusions • Biophysical and socioeconomic factors are both important • E.g., topography as well as property size