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Salamander reproduction

Salamander reproduction. Internal (spermatophore) or external fertilization Most oviparous Most breed, lay eggs in water Most have larval stage (tadpole) Few have parental care Complex courtship, pheromones. spermatophore. Courtship in Ambystoma talpoideum. Salamander diversity.

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Salamander reproduction

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  1. Salamander reproduction • Internal (spermatophore) or external fertilization • Most oviparous • Most breed, lay eggs in water • Most have larval stage (tadpole) • Few have parental care • Complex courtship, pheromones spermatophore

  2. Courtship in Ambystoma talpoideum

  3. Salamander diversity

  4. Variable characters within Caudata • External/internal fertilization (w spermatophore) • Costal grooves • Ribs unicapitate/bicapitate • Paedomorphic characters • Gills • Absence of eyelids • Tailfin, webbed feet • Chromosome number, amount of DNA

  5. Sirenidae • two genera, 4 species • SE USA • elongate, paedomorphic external gills, lack eyelids • nonpedicellate teeth • lack pelvic girdle, hindimbs • aquatic • external fertilization

  6. Sirenidae • two genera, 4 species • SE USA • elongate, paedomorphic external gills, lack eyelids • nonpedicellate teeth • lack pelvic girdle, hindimbs • aquatic • external fertilization

  7. Cryptobranchidae • Andrias (2 sp: China, Japan), Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (E USA) • paedomorphic lidless eyes, (internal) gills, absence of tongue pad • aquatic • largest amphibians (1.8 m) • external fertilization

  8. Amphiumidae • one genus, 3 species • SE USA • elongate, paedomorphic: lack eyelids, tongue; have (internal) gills • pedicellate teeth • retain both pairs of limbs (and girdles), but small limbs • aquatic • up to 1.1 m long • internal fertilization • female parental care Two-toed amphiuma Amphiuma means

  9. Ambystomatidae • One genus, 32 species • North America • some paedomorphic • hybrids, unisexual forms • most terrestrial as adults, some aquatic

  10. Dicamptodontidae • one genus, four species • NW USA • large, up to 17 cm SVL • eats terrestrial vertebrates • facultative metamorphosis

  11. Proteidae • two genera, six species • Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Eastern USA • aquatic • paedomorphic, external gills, tail fin

  12. Plethodontidae • 27 genera, 433 species • Americas, Italy, S Korea • nasolabial groove • lack lungs • diverse • Fossorial, terrestrial, aquatic, arboreal • Webbed feet, ballistic tongue, prehensile tail • well-studied for speciation

  13. Plethodontidae • 27 genera, 433 species • Americas, Italy, S Korea • nasolabial groove • lack lungs • diverse • Fossorial, terrestrial, aquatic, arboreal • Webbed feet, ballistic tongue, prehensile tail • well-studied for speciation

  14. Plethodontidae • 27 genera, 433 species • Americas, Italy, S Korea • Nasolabial groove • lack lungs • diverse • Fossorial, terrestrial, aquatic, arboreal • Webbed feet, ballistic tongue, prehensile tail • well-studied for speciation

  15. Salamandridae • 21 genera, 97 spp • N America, Europe, Asia, N Africa • Newts • poisonous skin, aposematic coloration • some with terrestrial eft stage

  16. Rhyacotritonidae • One genus, four species • Pacific NW USA • old growth coniferous forests • internal fertilization Hynobiidae • Nine genera, 43 species • Asia • external fertilization • lungs reduced to absent

  17. Caudata phylogeny • Duellman & Trueb (1986) • Parsimony, 30 morph characters • Larson and Dimmick (1993) • 29 morph characters, 177 nDNA, parsimony • Gao and Shubin (2001) • 60 morph characters, 177 nDNA, parsimony; incl. fossil taxa • Weisrock et al. (2005) • mtDNA, nDNA (~1300 chars); parsimony, ML, Bayesian • Wiens et al. (2005) • Morph chars (~300), nDNA, mtDNA; parsimony, ML, Bayesian • Frost et al. (2006), Pyron and Wiens (2011)

  18. Pyron and Wiens 2011

  19. Anura (Salientia): Frogs

  20. Anura (Salientia): Frogs 6509 species

  21. Synapomorphies of Anura • urostyle • lack tail • fused tibia and fibula • fused ulna and radius • hindlimbs > forelimbs • Nine (or fewer) presacral vertebrae

  22. Frog reproduction general

  23. Frog reproduction general

  24. Tadpole metamorphosis • Digestive gut shortens; stomach forms • Tadpole mouthparts disappear; replaced by teeth, etc. • Movable eyelids • Lungs form • Cartilaginous skeleton replaced with bone • Tail resorbed • Limbs form

  25. Tadpole typesGrace Orton • Type 1: Pipidae + Rhinophrynidae • Type 2: Microhylidae • Type 3: Ascaphus, Leiopelma, Bombinatoridae, + Discoglossidae • Type 4: all other frogs Type 2 Type 1 Type 3 Type 4

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