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Cell Structure and Function

Cell Structure and Function. Cell Theory. All living organisms are made of cells . Cells are small aqueous solution (cytoplasm) organelles ( subcellular structures) “ subunit of life !” Cells are of different size and shape

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Cell Structure and Function

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  1. Cell Structure and Function

  2. Cell Theory • All living organisms are made of cells. • Cells are small • aqueous solution (cytoplasm) • organelles (subcellularstructures) “subunit of life!” • Cells are of different size and shape • Size and shape can be related to its specific function. • Called specialized Cells What’s inside the cell? Are there different types of cells?

  3. From Prokaryote to Eukaryote • All living thingscomefrom a single cell born 3,500 million years ago (mya) • Simple organic molecules likely formed billions of years ago • A prokaryote “ate” another prokaryote • The inner prokaryote helped the outer prokaryote • They lived happily ever after Primordial Cell How did organelles get into simple cells? Endosymbiotic Theory

  4. Prokaryotic CellsExamples? • “Before membrane or nucleus” • NO Nucleus • Only ribosomes, DNA, and cytoplasm inside • Extremely Simple BACTERIA

  5. “TRUE membrane or nucleus” • Nucleus and membrane bound organelles PRESENT • DNA in nucleus • Extremely COMPLEX Eukaryotic Cells Examples? Plants, animals, and Fungi

  6. Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms • Why unicellular? • Why multicellular? • Simplicity • Quick Reproduction (Asexual) • No need for circulatory system • Complex • Specialized • Sexual Reproduction= genetic differences • Need a circulatory system to get nutrients

  7. Why don’t we have enormous unicellular organisms wondering around Walmart? • It takes to long to get nutrients throughout the cell • LAB TIME! • Let’s see how the surface to volume ratio affects nutrient supply to the cell.

  8. Outside CoversPlasma/cell MembraneCell Wall • Flexible membrane • Phospholipidbilayer • Controls what goes in and comes out • All Cells! • Rigid structure made of cellulose (carbohydrate) holds plants up • Extra Protection • Plant and bacterial cells (no animals)

  9. The outside covering of the nucleus • Controls all cell activities • Hold all genetic information (DNA) • ”Brain of the cell” • Inside the nucleus • makes ribosomes and nucleic acids for the nucleus Inner structuresNuclear EnvelopeNucleusNucleolus

  10. Some cells lose their nucleus as they mature Ex/ RBC’s

  11. Inner Structures Ribosomes • Make proteins! • Assembled by their instructions in DNA • “Ribs” are delicious protein

  12. Inner Structures Cytoplasm • Clear jelly-like fluid inside of a cell. • Holds organelles in place • Multiple chemical reactions take place here. • Kept out of nucleus by nuclear envelope.

  13. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Folded membrane in the cytoplasm • Has large surface area for more chemical reactions. • Creates containment vesicles • Studded with ribosomes • Creates Proteins Smooth ER Rough ER

  14. Golgi Apparatus • Closely stacked, flattened membrane sacs • Receive newly made proteins and lipids from the ER • sendsboth to the plasma membrane and other organelles throughout the cell.

  15. Vacuole • Stores food, enzymes, and other materials needed by a cell. • A small percentage of vacuoles store waste products. • Vacuoles in plants cells are huge! • Usually only one. • Animal cells can have many small vacuoles.

  16. Lysosomes • Contain digestive enzymes. • Digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria • Their membrane prevents harmful enzymes from pouring into the cytoplasm of the cell. • “Everyone wants to get rid of lyce”

  17. Mitochondria • food molecules are broken down (glucose) to produce energy. • Shaped like tiny sausages. • Have their own DNA/Ribosomes • Inner membrane forms long, narrow folds called cristae.

  18. Chloroplasts • Photosynthesis takes place here • Transforms light energy into chemicals to produce food • In plants only! Contain Chlorophyll • greenpigment that traps light energy • gives plants their green color. • In the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. • **What gives plants their green color**

  19. Centriole • Thick part of the cell membrane where spindles attach • Helps in cell reproduction • Helps in cell division

  20. Structures for SupportCytoskeletonmade of… • provide support for organelles and helps the cell maintain its shape. • Microtubules: Thin, hollow cylinders of protein. • Microfilaments: Thin, solid protein fibers.

  21. Structures for Movement • “Hair-like projections” that beat together to create movement • whip-like tail for motion • major method of locomotion in unicellular organisms. Cilia Flagella

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