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Chapter 19

Chapter 19. U.S. History 2. World War I and Its Aftermath. 19.1 The United States Enters World War I 19.2 The Home Front 19.3 A World of Conflict 19.4 The War’s Impact. 19.1 The United States Enters World War I. Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy The Outbreak of World War I

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Chapter 19

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  1. Chapter 19 U.S. History 2

  2. World War I and Its Aftermath • 19.1 The United States Enters World War I • 19.2 The Home Front • 19.3 A World of Conflict • 19.4 The War’s Impact

  3. 19.1 The United States Enters World War I • Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy • The Outbreak of World War I • American Neutrality • Moving Toward War

  4. Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy • In 1911, a revolution in Mexico forced its leader, PorfirioDíaz, to flee the country. • The new leader, Francisco Madero, was a poor administrator. • General Victoriano Huerta took over in Mexico and presumably had Madero murdered. General Victoriano Huerta

  5. Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy • Wilson refused to recognize the new government. • He also prevented weapons from reaching Huerta. • In 1914, Wilson sent U.S. Marines to seize Veracruz to overthrow Huerta.

  6. Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy • Anti-American riots broke out in Mexico. • International mediation of the dispute placed Venustiano Carranza as Mexico’s new president. • Mexican forces opposed to Carranza conducted raids into the United States. • They were hoping Wilson would intervene. Venustiano Carranza

  7. Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy • PanchoVilla led a group of guerrillas, an armed group that carries out surprise attacks, into New Mexico killing Americans. • Wilson sent General John J. Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa. • Pershing was unsuccessful. • Wilson’s Mexican policy damaged U.S. foreign relations. John J. Pershing

  8. The Outbreak of World War I • In the 1860s, Prussia began a series of wars to unite the German states. • By 1871, Germany was united. • France and Germany were enemies. • Germany formed the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy.

  9. The Outbreak of World War I • Russia and France formed the Franco-Russian Alliance against Germany and Austria-Hungary. • Great Britain remained neutral until the early 1900s • It then began an arms race with Germany. • British became closer with France and Russia. • The three countries became known as the Triple Entente.

  10. The Outbreak of World War I • Nationalism, intense pride for one’s homeland, was developing in Europe in the late 1800s. • Self-determination, the idea that a nation should have its own country and government, was a basic idea of nationalism. • A crisis in the Balkans began when different groups within the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires began to seek independence. ArchdukeFranz Ferdinand

  11. The Outbreak of World War I • In June 1914, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was killed by a Bosnian revolutionary. ArchdukeFranz Ferdinand

  12. The Outbreak of World War I • On July 28, Austria declared war on Serbia. • On August 1, Germany declared war on Russia. • Two days later Germany declared war on France. • The Allies–France, Russia, Great Britain, and later Italy–fought for the Triple Entente. ArchdukeFranz Ferdinand

  13. The Outbreak of World War I • Germany and Austria-Hungary joined the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria to form the Central Powers. • Germany and France became locked in a stalemate in trench warfare. • The stalemate lasted three years. • The Central Powers were winning on the Eastern Front. Trench warfare

  14. British troops in trenches

  15. Soldiers picking lice from clothes

  16. German trenches preserved

  17. American Neutrality • Wilson declared the U.S. to be neutral. • He did not want to be pulled into a foreign war. • Both sides found support among Americans. • Most Americans favored the Allied cause.

  18. American Neutrality • Wilson’s cabinet was pro-British. • They believed an Allied victory would preserve an international balance of power. • The British skillfully used propaganda, or information used to influence opinion, to gain American support.

  19. American Neutrality • American companies had ties to the Allied countries. • Many American banks gave loans to the Allies. • The money would only be paid back if the Allies won. • As a result, American prosperity was tied to the war.

  20. Moving Toward War • Most Americans did not want to enter the war. • The British navy blockaded Germany to keep it from getting contraband, or prohibited materials. • Germany deployed submarines known as U-boats. • Germany threatened to sink ships around Britain.

  21. Moving Toward War • Attacking civilians ships without warning violated an international treaty. • The Germans sunk the Lusitania, a British passenger liner, killing almost 1,200 passengers–including 128 Americans. • Americans instructed Germany to stop U-boat strikes.

  22. Moving Toward War • Germany did not want the U.S. to join the war to strengthen the Allies. • The Sussex Pledge, a promise made by Germany to stop sinking merchant ships, kept the U.S. out of the war for a bit longer.

  23. Moving Toward War • A German official, Arthur Zimmermann, cabled the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing that Mexico ally itself with Germany. • In return, Mexico would regain territory it had earlier lost to the United States. • The Zimmermann telegram was intercepted by British intelligence and leaked to American newspapers. Arthur Zimmermann

  24. Moving Toward War • In February 1917, Germany went back to unrestricted submarine warfare and sank six American merchant ships. • On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war against Germany.

  25. 19.2 The Home Front • Building up the Military • Organizing Industry • Mobilizing the Workforce • Ensuring Public Support

  26. Building Up the Military • The U.S. needed to recruit more soldiers. • Many thought conscription, or forced military service, violated democratic and principles. • The U.S. initiated a new system of conscription, called selective service.

  27. Building Up the Military • Black soldiers served in segregated units and faced discrimination. • World War I was the first war in which women officially served. • The navy enlisted women as clerics, radio operators, electricians, pharmacists, photographers, chemists, and torpedo assemblers.

  28. Building Up the Military • The army did not enlist women. • It did hire them as temporary employees to fill clerical positions. • Army nurses were the only women in the military to go overseas during the war.

  29. Organizing Industry • In 1917, the War Industries Board (WIB) was created to manage the production of war goods. • In 1918, the WIB was reorganized with Bernard Baruch as its new director.

  30. Organizing Industry • Herbert Hoover directed the Food Administration. • He was responsible for increasing food production while reducing consumption. • People planted victory gardens to raise their own food to leave more food for the troops.

  31. Organizing Industry • The Fuel Administration encouraged people to conserve coal and oil. • Daylight savings time was introduced to conserve energy. • To raise money for the war, the government began selling Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds. • Buying bonds was a way to loan the government money.

  32. Mobilizing the Workforce • To prevent strikes, the government created the National War Labor Board (NWLB) in 1918. • The labor leaders agreed not to strike in exchange for: • wage increases • 8-hour workdays • the right to organize unions and bargain collectively

  33. Mobilizing the Workforce • The war increased the need for women in the workforce. • They took manufacturing jobs that soldiers left behind. • After the war, women returned to their previous jobs or left the workforce.

  34. Mobilizing the Workforce • Few immigrants came during the war. • This opened wartime jobs for blacks. • Many blacks left the South to settle in the North during the “Great Migration.” • Many Mexicans moved north to work on farms and take wartime factory jobs.

  35. Ensuring Public Support • The Committee on Public Information (CPI) tried to persuade Americans to support the war. • Espionage is spying to acquire secret government information. • The Espionage Act of 1917 set up consequences for people who aided the enemy.

  36. Ensuring Public Support • The Sedition Act of 1918 made it illegal to criticize the president or the government. • Many distrusted German Americans, labor activists, socialists, pacifists, and others. • In Schenckv. the United States (1919), the Supreme Court limited freedom of speech if it proved to be a “clear and present danger.”

  37. 19.3 A World of Conflict • Combat in World War I • The Americans and Victory • A Flawed Peace

  38. Combat in World War I • Millions of Europeans had died in WWI by 1917. • Americans believed they could end the war quickly. • Soldiers dug trenches for protection from modern weapons. British trenches

  39. Combat in World War I • “No man’s land” was the space between the opposing trenches. • Soldiers would charge the enemy by scrambling out of the trenches. • This made soldiers easy targets. • Both sides lost several hundred thousand men in major battles. German trenches

  40. Combat in World War I • New technologies were created to improve military efficiency. • The Germans used poison gas, which caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation. • Tanks were unsuccessfully used. • Airplanes dropped small bombs on the enemy and engaged in air battles.

  41. The Americans and Victory • “Doughboys” was a nickname for American soldiers. • The American soldiers boosted the morale of Allied forces. • American Admiral William S. Sims proposed convoys, in which merchant ships and troop transports were gathered into groups and brought across the Atlantic by warships.

  42. The Americans and Victory • The result was a reduction in shipping losses and ensured that troops would get to Europe safely. • Although Russians supported the war effort, their government was not equipped to handle the major problems of the nation. • In 1917 Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Party, overthrew the government and replaced it with a Communist one. Vladimir Lenin

  43. The Americans and Victory • Lenin pulled Russia out of the war and agreed with Germany to sign the Treatyof Brest-Litovsk. • They agreed to removing German armies from Russian lands in exchange for territory. • This closed the Eastern Front for Germany. Vladimir Lenin

  44. The Americans and Victory • In March of 1918, Germany successfully launched a massive attack along the Western Front. • Americans troops captured the village of Cantigny. • The U.S. and France blocked the German attack of Paris.

  45. The Americans and Victory • In September 1918, American General Pershing put together the most massive attack in American history. • This caused one German position after another to fall to the Americans. • On November 11, 1918, Germany finally signed an armistice, or cease-fire, that ended the war. Pershing

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