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Warm-Up

Warm-Up. List some things that you feel would be needed for a civilization to be successful…. River Valley Civilizations. Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China 9000 – 3000 Years Ago… . Advanced Cities. Advanced Technology. CIVILIZATION. Specialized Workers. Record- Keeping. Complex

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Warm-Up

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  1. Warm-Up • List some things that you feel would be needed for a civilization to be successful…

  2. River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China 9000 – 3000 Years Ago…

  3. Advanced Cities Advanced Technology CIVILIZATION Specialized Workers Record- Keeping Complex Institutions

  4. River Valley Civilizations • Mesopotamia -- Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys (Southwest Asia) • Egypt -- Nile River Valley and Delta (Africa) • India -- Indus River Valley (South Asia) • China -- Huang He Valley (East Asia)

  5. Warm-Up • List the 4 major river valleys and civilizations that were introduced last class.

  6. Ancient Civilization Needs: Water Agriculture Trade Metals Government Jobs Records Religion Economics Communication Military/Defense

  7. Why River Valleys? • Rich soils • Irrigation for crops • Easily protected • Transportation • Food sources

  8. Language and writing • Cuneiform: Sumer • Hieroglyphics: Egypt • Alphabet: Phoenicia

  9. The Fertile Crescent

  10. 4 Early River Valley Civilizations • Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) • Egyptian Civilization - Nile River • Harappan Civilization - Indus River • Ancient China - Huang He (Yellow) River PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  11. River Valley Social Developments • Social • Hereditary rulers (kings, pharaohs) • Strict Class System • Slavery was accepted

  12. River Valley Political Developments • World’s first states (city-states, kingdoms, empires) • Centralized government, often based on religious authority • Written law codes (Ten Commandments, Code of Hammurabi)

  13. River Valley Economic Developments • Metal tools and weapons • Increasing agriculture: Better tools, plows, irrigation • Increasing trade along rivers and sea (Phoenicians) • World’s first cities • Practiced slavery

  14. Finishing OUR Civilizations • You will have __ minutes to finish your civilization. • Bring the finished product to me when you are done. • Reminder: This IS a graded assignment (20 pts), so make sure it has all the required parts to get the highest grade possible!

  15. Ancient Civilization Needs: Water Agriculture Trade Metals Government Jobs Records Religion Economics Communication Military/Defense

  16. Warm Up: • Where is Mesopotamia? (what region of the world?) • What modern-day countries are within Mesopotamia’s ancient borders? • What do you know about ancient Mesopotamia?

  17. Mesopotamia

  18. The Ziggurat at Ur was first excavated by British archaeologist Woolley in 1923. The Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities restored its lower stages in the 1980s.

  19. DID YOU KNOW… Like many ancient civilizations, the Sumerians also had “a flood story.” That’s not surprising given their challenging environment sitting between two unpredictable rivers…in their view, such a cataclysmic event did, indeed, destroy their “entire world.” The Epic of Gilgamesh is the oldest written story on Earth. It comes to us from ancient Sumeria, and was originally written on 12 clay tablets in cuneiform script. It is about the adventures of the cruel King Gilgamesh of Uruk(ca. 2750 and 2500 BCE). In tablet XI we read about Per-napishtim, a man who built a boat and was saved from a great flood brought about by angry gods. You can compare Per-napishtim’s story to Noah’s story in the biblical book of Genesis as well as a “flood story” from India.  Tablet XI PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  20. Reign of Hammurabi Famous Code of Law • he wisely took all the laws of the region’s city-states and unified them into one code. This helped unify the region. • Engraved in stone, erected all over the empire. Why do you think Hammurabi thought it important to place all the cities within his Empire under the same uniform code of laws? A total of 282 laws are etched on this 7 ft. 5 in. tall black basalt pillar. The top portion, shown here, depicts Hammurabi with Shamash, the sun god. Shamash is presenting to Hammurabi a staff and ring, which symbolize the power to administer the law. Although Hammurabi's Code is not the first code of laws (the first records date four centuries earlier), it is the best preserved legal document reflecting the social structure of Babylon during Hammurabi's rule. This amazing find was discovered in 1901 and today is in the famous Louvre Museum in Paris, France. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  21. Examining Hammurabi’s Code • Why were these laws needed? • What “jumps out” at you about this legal code? • Specifically, how are these laws similar or different to our laws today?

  22. Warm Up • What are some things that come to mind when you think of Egypt?

  23. Egypt

  24. Egypt on the Nile GEOGRAPHY Upper and Lower Egypt 1. Most of Egypt’s history focused around Lower Egypt, around the Nile delta which flows into the Mediterranean Sea. 2. Upper Egypt developed later • 3. Nile provided reliable transportation • to go north, drift with the current toward the sea - to go south, sail catching the Mediterranean breeze Environment 1. Unlike Mesopotamia, the Nile was predictable 2. Deserts on both sides of Nile - provided natural protection against invaders - also reduced interaction with other people (cataracts) Egypt would develop mostly in isolation and therefore, culture was quite unique. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  25. UNITED EGYPT’S GOVERNMENT The Pharaoh [means, royal house] – the ruler of Egypt 1. were considered gods; served both political and religious roles Define type of government Type of government where the political rulers are thought to be divinely-guided, or even divine themselves is a theocracy. 2. Believed each pharaoh ruled even after death, because they all possessed the same eternal spirit = ka; and being god, naturally bore full responsibility for Egypt’s well-being. 3. Therefore, Pharaoh’s tomb very important, because it was still a place of rule. Built massive tombs called pyramids. • The pyramids were built mainly in the • Old Kingdom Period. The Great Pyramids at Giza. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  26. A modern-day Egyptian guide uses his lantern to illuminate the amazing hieroglyphic text covering the walls deep within the tunnels below the Saqqara pyramid. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  27. The Sphinx and Pyramid of Khafre at Giza. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  28. The great Pyramids at Giza, Egypt

  29. Ramses II (1304 -1237 BCE) Lookin’ good for 3200 years old!

  30. Pyramid Construction • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids

  31. Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations” Egypt on the Nile IV. EGYPTIAN WRITING A. Pictographs developed into hieroglyphics B. Written on Papyrus, unfurled reed from the Nile, dried into strips C. Deciphering hieroglyphics The Rosetta Stone, discovered in 1799 A.D. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  32. Hieroglyphic Mystery… Why was the knowledge of reading hieroglyphics LOST in the first place? In the first century A.D. when Christianity arrived in Egypt, it was common for the Christian movement to remove / destroy the religious images, writings, and priesthood of the former religion in the region. During this chaotic time of transition, the literate priests and scribes were mostly killed off and the knowledge of hieroglyphics was lost for almost 1,500 years.

  33. The Rosetta Stone, discovered in 1799 A.D. Greek The Rosetta Stone can be viewed by tourists today in the British Museum.

  34. Egyptian Mythology • http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/egypt/index.htm

  35. Closing Questions What have we covered today? What questions remain unanswered? Which questions can I answer?

  36. Warm Up Egypt vs. Mesopotamia • Which was the better civilization? • EXPLAIN!!

  37. India

  38. The Indus Valley civilization flourished around 2,500 B.C. in the western part of South Asia, in what today is Pakistan and western India. It is often referred to as Harappan Civilization after its first discovered city, Harappa. The nearby city of MohenjoDarois the largest and most familiar archaeological dig in this region.The Indus Valley was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China. This ancient civilization was not discovered until the 1920's. Most of its ruins, including major cities, remain to be excavated. Left: The excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  39. CH 2: Sec. 3 “Planned Cities on the Indus” 1. What challenges did the people along the Indus River face? • unpredictable rivers • (similar situation to Mesopotamia region) • strong winds / monsoons PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  40. CH 2: Sec. 3 “Planned Cities on the Indus” Did you know? Hinduism is considered to be the world’s oldest religion. Yet it’s origins have long been a mystery. • Began farming along Indus about 3,200 B.C. • Size of settled region larger • than Egypt or Mesopotamia. • Careful city planners; laid out in grid • with a defendable citadel. • Engineered sophisticated plumbing and sewage systems. • Peaceful people – few weapons found • Similarity in housing indicates little differences • between social classes. • Religious objects and symbols clearly linked to Hinduism. Indus Harappanscript has not been deciphered. This means basic questions about the people who created this highly complex culture are still unanswered. Typical Harappan dwellling Above: Terracota household statues such as this female goddess are found frequently in the region. Is this religious icon an early Shiva? Does modern Hinduism have its origins in Harappan civilization? Left: The excavated ruins of Mohenjodaro – one of several planned cities laid out on a grid system in the Indus region. Right: The citadel at Mohenjodaro.

  41. CH 2: Sec. 3 “Planned Cities on the Indus” • The river may have changed course, natural disaster • (caused by heavy monsoons) • The people may have overworked the land • (overcutting trees, overgrazed, overfarmed land depleting nutrients) • Invaders • (Aryan Invasion Theory?) Harappans abandoning their city. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  42. SOL INFO (Indus Civ) • Physical barriers, such as the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, and the Indian Ocean, made invasion difficult. • Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided migration routes into the Indian subcontinent. • The Indus and Ganges were the important rivers in the Indian subcontinent.

  43. Ancient India Information • Aryans (Indo-Aryans) • Migration, assertion of dominance • Caste system, which influenced all social interactions and choices of occupations • Mauryan Empire - Ashoka • political unification of India • Contributions: Spread of Buddhism, free hospitals, veterinary clinics, good roads • Gupta Empire • Golden Age of classical Indian culture • Contributions: Mathematics (concept of zero), medical advances (setting bones), astronomy (concept of a round earth), new textiles, literature

  44. Warm Up: • What were the two main cities in Ancient India that we discussed? • What is another name for the Indus River Valley Civilization? • What kinds of problems did the Ancient Indus Civilization face?

  45. China

  46. Chinese script is unique, isn’t it? Think about other elements of Chinese culture: Chinese architecture, music, technology, dress and fashion, and eastern belief systems… Also unique! Gobi Desert Taklimakan Desert Himalaya Mts. Pacific Ocean CH 2: “River Dynasties in China” 1. Why did China develop apart from other cultures? • China’s geographyocean, desert, high mountains, isolated China. • Isolated geographically, cut off from trade, there would be little opportunity for cultural diffusion in • China’s case. Developing in a vacuum, China’s civilization would stand out as the most unique of our world’s early civilizations. PEACE LOVE TOLERANCE LUCK ETERNITY

  47. CH 2: “River Dynasties in China] • First written records • - calligraphy writing and paper making • Sharp division between king’s nobles and the • peasants • Wood used as building material • (not mud-dried bricks as in other regions) • Peasants used wooden tools • Shang made magnificent bronze weapons • and ceremonial vessels

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