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Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes

Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes. Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: Describe an aircraft propeller? Explain the difference between the spin of the tip of an aircraft propeller and the hub.

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Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes

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  1. Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • Describe an aircraft propeller? • Explain the difference between the spin of the tip of an aircraft propeller and the hub. • Describe the instrument monitored when using a fixed-pitch propeller and its operation? • Describe the two main controls with a constant-speed propeller and their use? • Describe the instrument monitored when using a constant-speed propeller and its operation?

  2. Questions / Comments

  3. Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • Describe an aircraft propeller? • Explain the difference between the spin of the tip of an aircraft propeller and the hub. • Describe the instrument monitored when using a fixed-pitch propeller and its operation? • Describe the two main controls with a constant-speed propeller and their use? • Describe the instrument monitored when using a constant-speed propeller and its operation?

  4. Aircraft SystemsPropeller • The propeller is a rotating airfoil, subject to induced drag, stalls, and other aerodynamic principles that apply to any airfoil. • The engine power is used to rotate the propeller, which in turn generates thrust very similar to the manner in which a wing produces lift.

  5. Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • Describe an aircraft propeller? • Explain the difference between the spin of the tip of an aircraft propeller and the hub. • Describe the instrument monitored when using a fixed-pitch propeller and its operation? • Describe the two main controls with a constant-speed propeller and their use? • Describe the instrument monitored when using a constant-speed propeller and its operation?

  6. Aircraft SystemsPropeller • The tip of the blade travels faster than the part near the hub, because the tip travels a greater distance than the hub in the same length of time.

  7. Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • Describe an aircraft propeller? • Explain the difference between the spin of the tip of an aircraft propeller and the hub. • Describe the instrument monitored when using a fixed-pitch propeller and its operation? • Describe the two main controls with a constant-speed propeller and their use? • Describe the instrument monitored when using a constant-speed propeller and its operation?

  8. Aircraft SystemsPropeller • In a fixed-pitch propeller, the tachometer is the indicator of engine power. • A tachometer is calibrated in hundreds of rpm and gives a direct indication of the engine and propeller rpm. • The instrument is color coded, with a green arc denoting the maximum continuous operating rpm.

  9. Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • Describe an aircraft propeller? • Explain the difference between the spin of the tip of an aircraft propeller and the hub. • Describe the instrument monitored when using a fixed-pitch propeller and its operation? • Describe the two main controls with a constant-speed propeller and their use? • Describe the instrument monitored when using a constant-speed propeller and its operation?

  10. Aircraft SystemsPropeller • An aircraft with a constant-speed propeller has two controls: • the throttle and the propeller control. • The throttle controls power output and the propeller control regulates engine rpm. • This in turn regulates propeller rpm which is registered on the tachometer.

  11. Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • Describe an aircraft propeller? • Explain the difference between the spin of the tip of an aircraft propeller and the hub. • Describe the instrument monitored when using a fixed-pitch propeller and its operation? • Describe the two main controls with a constant-speed propeller and their use? • Describe the instrument monitored when using a constant-speed propeller and its operation?

  12. Aircraft SystemsPropeller • On aircraft equipped with a constant-speed propeller, power output is controlled by the throttle and indicated by a manifold pressure gauge. • The gauge measures the absolute pressure of the fuel/air mixture inside the intake manifold and is more correctly a measure of manifold absolute pressure (MAP).

  13. Questions / Comments

  14. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • January 28 • 1871 — The last balloon to leave Paris during the Persian siege takes off with orders for the French fleet to bring food and supplies to replenish the French capital, an armistice having been signed. • The flight of the General “Cambronne” ends a period of almost exactly 5 months during which the advantages of balloons were put to efficient use.

  15. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • January 28 • 1945 — The Burma Road is reopened.

  16. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • January 28 • 1945 — The USAAF 8th AF observed its 3rd birthday with a 1,000 plane raid on Germany.

  17. Questions / Comments

  18. January 2014

  19. Questions / Comments

  20. Chapter 6– Aircraft Systems FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

  21. Today’s Mission Requirements • Mission: • Identify in writing the primary systems found on most aircraft. • Describe the basic operation and characteristics of the primary aircraft systems. • EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly.

  22. Aircraft SystemsInduction Systems • The induction system brings in air from the outside, mixes it with fuel, and delivers the fuel/air mixture to the cylinder where combustion occurs. • Outside air enters the induction system through an intake port on the front of the engine cowling.

  23. Aircraft SystemsInduction Systems • This port normally contains an air filter that inhibits the entry of dust and other foreign objects. • Since the filter may occasionally become clogged, an alternate source of air must be available.

  24. Aircraft SystemsInduction Systems • Usually, the alternate air comes from inside the engine cowling, where it bypasses a clogged air filter.

  25. Aircraft SystemsInduction Systems • Two types of induction systems are commonly used in small aircraft engines: • 1. The carburetor system, which mixes the fuel and air in the carburetor before this mixture enters the intake manifold.

  26. Aircraft SystemsInduction Systems • 2. The fuel injection system, which mixes the fuel and air immediately before entry into each cylinder or injects fuel directly into each cylinder.

  27. Aircraft SystemsCarburetor Systems • Carburetors are classified as either float type or pressure type.

  28. Aircraft SystemsCarburetor Systems • The float type of carburetor is probably the most common of all carburetor types.

  29. Aircraft SystemsCarburetor Systems • In the operation of the float-type carburetor system, the outside air first flows through an air filter.

  30. Aircraft SystemsCarburetor Systems • This filtered air flows into the carburetor and through a venturi, a narrow throat in the carburetor.

  31. Aircraft SystemsCarburetor Systems • When the air flows through the venturi, a low-pressure area is created, which forces the fuel to flow through a main fuel jet located at the throat.

  32. Aircraft SystemsCarburetor Systems • The fuel then flows into the airstream where it is mixed with the flowing air.

  33. Aircraft SystemsCarburetor Systems • The fuel/air mixture is then drawn through the intake manifold and into the combustion chambers where it is ignited.

  34. Aircraft SystemsCarburetor Systems • The flow of the fuel/air mixture to the combustion chambers is regulated by the throttle valve, which is controlled by the throttle in the flight deck.

  35. Aircraft SystemsCarburetor Systems • The chief disadvantage of the float carburetor, however, is its icing tendency.

  36. Aircraft SystemsCarburetor Systems • Since the float carburetor must discharge fuel at a point of low pressure, the discharge nozzle must be located at the venturi throat, and the throttle valve must be on the engine side of the discharge nozzle.

  37. Aircraft SystemsCarburetor Systems • This means the drop in temperature due to fuel vaporization takes place within the venturi. • As a result, ice readily forms in the venturi and on the throttle valve.

  38. Aircraft SystemsMixture Control • Carburetors are normally calibrated at sea-level pressure, where the correct fuel-to-air mixture ratio is established with the mixture control set in the FULL RICH position.

  39. Aircraft SystemsMixture Control • However, as altitude increases, the density of air entering the carburetor decreases, while the density of the fuel remains the same.

  40. Aircraft SystemsMixture Control • This creates a progressively richer mixture, which can result in engine roughness and an appreciable loss of power.

  41. Aircraft SystemsMixture Control • The roughness normally is due to spark plug fouling from excessive carbon buildup on the plugs.

  42. Aircraft SystemsMixture Control • Carbon buildup occurs because the rich mixture lowers the temperature inside the cylinder, inhibiting complete combustion of the fuel.

  43. Aircraft SystemsMixture Control • To maintain the correct fuel/air mixture, the mixture must be leaned using the mixture control.

  44. Aircraft SystemsMixture Control • Leaning the mixture decreases fuel flow, which compensates for the decreased air density at high altitude.

  45. Aircraft SystemsMixture Control • During a descent from high altitude, the mixture must be enriched, or it may become too lean.

  46. Aircraft SystemsMixture Control • An overly lean mixture causes detonation, which may result in rough engine operation, overheating, and a loss of power.

  47. Aircraft SystemsMixture Control • Since the process of adjusting the mixture can vary from one aircraft to another, it is important to refer to the airplane flight manual (AFM) or the pilot’s operating handbook (POH) to determine the specific procedures for a given aircraft.

  48. Class Summary Induction Systems

  49. Class Summary - Propellers • Understanding the control and interaction of the throttle pitch are critical • Two instruments covered include the tachometer and the manifold pressure indicator

  50. Questions / Comments

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