Chapter 17 The East Asian World

1. Chapter 17The East Asian World

2. Contact with the West • Increased contact with the west • China and Japan attempted to resist encroachment using different means and with differing levels of success

3. Ming Dynasty • By 1368, the Ming Dynasty booted out the last Mongol rulers in China and restored power over the empire to the native Chinese. • The Ming Dynasty ruled until 1644 and reestablished the following: • a strong centralized government based on traditional Confucian principals • reinstated the civil service examination, • removed the Mongol influence by reinvigorating Chinese culture.

4. Ming Interactions • Emperor Yongle sponsors voyages in the early 1400’s • The voyages led by Zeng He, a Chinese navigator sailed throughout S.E Asia and the Indian Ocean, all the way to East Africa, a century before the Europeans did the same.

5. Ming Interactions • The Chinese abruptly stoppedtheir naval voyages due to the cost. • After Emperor Yongle’s death Chinese increasingly, turned inward. • By 16th century, Chinese trading with the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch.

6. The Ming Dynasty and Silver • The Ming government attempted to prop up the failing economy by changing easily counterfeited paper money to a “single-whip” system based on silver currency. • Initially, the silver came from Japan, but with the discovery of American silver sources. • China establishes trade relations with the Spanish through the Philippines

7. Silver • This exchange fueled a period of commercial expansion. • The silver flooded the Chinese market and the government was unable to control the resulting inflation.

8. Problems Persisted • Many factors contributed to the Ming Dynasty's decline: • By the sixteenth century the Ming dynasty was already in decline. • Pirates increasingly raided port cities. • The Chinese were able to keep the Europeans at a safe distance.

9. Problems Persisted • However internal problems persisted. • Weak rulers • Crop Failures • Inflation led to unrest

10. Qing (Manchu) Dynasty • By the seventeenth century, famines crippled the Chinese economy, and peasant revolts erupted against increasingly powerless Ming rulers. • In 1644, the Ming emperor invited a group of Qing warriors from nearby Manchuria to help him with peasant uprising. • The Qing ousted the emperor. With that act, the Ming Dynasty ended. • The Qing (Manchu) Dynasty began. The Manchus ruled China until about 1912.

11. Changes in China • The Qing made many changes in China. • Forbid the Chinese to learn the Manchu language or marry Manchus (3% of population) • civil service gained new heights • Banned Christianity in 1724 • Impose Manchu dress and customs on Chinese

12. Qing Rulers • Two long-ruling emperors, Kangxi (1661-1722) and Qianlong (1736-1795) allow for stability and acceptance. • Both of these emperors supported the arts but also expanded the empire • Kangxi ruled from 1662-1722 was a Confucian scholar, and conquered Taiwan and Tibet • Qianlong ruled from 1735-1795 and added Vietnam, Burma, Nepal as vassalstates to China

13. Qing and Commerce • In 1757, restricted Europeans to trading in the port city of Canton. • Europeans bought large quantities of tea, silk, and porcelain • In exchange the merchants received huge sums of silver, which created a new rising class of merchants in the coastal cities • British pressure for more balanced trade (pottery & tea) • China remained agrarian, with trade and industry controlled by state • Maintained negative attitude toward industry, unequal taxes

14. Qing andSociety • Continued focus on family • Arranged marriages, male dominated • Women not educated, in charge of the home • Practice of female infanticide

15. Japan and the Shogunate • Warring states period in late 1400’s, after decline of Ashikaga Shogunate • Oda Nobunaga, ToyotomiHideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu helped unify Japan • Tokugawa, the daimyo of Edo, names himself Shogun in 1603.

16. Tokugawa Shogunate • In 1600, Tokugawa Ieysau established the Tokugawa Shogunate, a strict and rigid government that ruled Japan until 1868 • Emperor is largely a figurehead. • Power was given to the daimyo (feudal lords) • Ieysau took ownership of all the land and instituted a rigid social class model. • More like a caste system • Four classes (warrior, farmer, artisan, and merchant) were established and movement in classes was forbidden.

17. Japan and Christianity • In 1542, the Portuguese established trade with the empire (they also introduced gunsto the Japanese). • Within a decade, Christian missionaries streamed in. • By the end of the century, a few hundred thousands Japanese converted to Christianity • Missionaries destroyed Shinto shrines.

18. Japan and Christianity • The Jesuits took control of the port city Nagasaki and trade flourished. • Christians were persecuted • Hideyoshi expels missionaries in 1587, but allows merchants to stay. • Tokugawa finalized expulsion in 1602. • Merchants evicted as well, except Dutch, who were given limited rights

19. Edo Period • Shogun moved capital to Edo (modern day Tokyo) • In 1635, National Seclusion Policy prohibited Japanese from… • travelingabroad • prohibited foreigners from visitingJapan (kept relations with China, Korea, Netherlands) • lasted for 200 years • This was passed to curb foreign influence

20. Daimyo • Daimyo were forced to maintain two residences to allow for control • Strain on finances led many to take back fiefs from samurai and make them into salaried workers • Samurai role as warriors declines • Revolts by ronin (masterless samurai) or peasants • Large population increase

21. Japanese Economy • New technology and exposure led to industrial & commercial revolutions • Development of paper money

22. Japanese Culture • Buddhism and Shinto remained at the center of culture • Kabuki theater and haiku poetry became popular