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Characteristics of Vertebrates

Fishes and Amphibians. Chapter 28. 28.1 Fishes. Characteristics of Vertebrates. Vertebrates have a vertebral column and specialized cells that develop from the nerve cord. The vertebral column, or spinal column, is the hallmark feature of vertebrates.

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Characteristics of Vertebrates

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  1. Fishes and Amphibians Chapter 28 28.1 Fishes Characteristics of Vertebrates • Vertebrates have a vertebral column and specialized cells that develop from the nerve cord. • The vertebral column, or spinal column, is the hallmark feature of vertebrates. • Classes of vertebrates include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

  2. Fishes and Amphibians Chapter 28 28.3 Amphibians Characteristics of Amphibians • Most amphibians begin life as aquatic organisms. Tadpole • After metamorphosis, they are equipped to live life on land. Frog

  3. Fishes and Amphibians Chapter 28 28.3 Amphibians Feeding and Digestion • Most frog larvae are herbivores, whereas salamander larvae are carnivores. • As adults, their diets are similar as both groups become predators. • The digestive system of an amphibian is very similar to that of a fish.

  4. Fishes and Amphibians Chapter 28 28.3 Amphibians Excretion • Urea is stored in the urinary bladder until it is eliminated from the body through the cloaca.

  5. Fishes and Amphibians Chapter 28 28.3 Amphibians Respiration • As larvae, most amphibians exchange gases through their skin and gills. • As adults, most breathe through lungs, their thin, moist skin, and cavities in the mouth.

  6. Fishes and Amphibians Chapter 28 28.3 Amphibians Circulation • Amphibians have a double-loop circulatory system. • Amphibians have three-chambered hearts.

  7. Fishes and Amphibians Chapter 28 28.3 Amphibians The Brain and Senses • Amphibians use sight to locate and capture prey that fly at high speeds and to escape predators. • Frogs have nictitating membranes that protect their eyes. • Frogs use their tympanic membrane to hear high-pitched sounds and to amplify sounds from the vocal cords.

  8. Fishes and Amphibians Chapter 28 28.3 Amphibians Reproduction and Development • In most amphibians, fertilization is external and the shell-less eggs must be laid and fertilized in water. • Tadpoles hatch from the egg and undergo metamorphosis from a fishlike animal to an air-breathing one.

  9. Fishes and Amphibians Chapter 28 28.3 Amphibians Amphibian Diversity • Scientists classify modern amphibians into three orders. • Order Anura includes frogs and toads. • Order Caudata includes salamanders and newts. • Order Gymnophiona includes caecilians.

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