APWH Chapter 2

1. APWH Chapter 2 M-W

2. Review • Culture develops before “civilization” • Agriculture did not quickly, or inevitably lead to civilization. • Some agricultural societies reached the modern period without forming the apparatus we associate with civilization (West Africa).

3. Components of “civilization” • After agriculture, the next step in setting up a framework for world history is the emergence of civilization as a form of human organization. • Cities • Control of geographic areas • Status distinctions • Record keeping.

4. 1. Mesopotamia: "Land Between the Two Rivers"

5. Early Period of Civilization • Mesopotamia 3500 BCE - 1000 BCE • Begins 5000 years after the advent of agriculture. • Before then, there were isolated cities with populations of around 10,000. • Next 2000 years 3 other major civilizations will develop - all agricultural in origin.

6. New Inventions • Theme - New technologies along with the maturation of agriculture came before the emergence of civilization in the Middle East. • Key innovations have not had to be reinvented since. • By 4000 BCE, Mesopotamians were beginning to use bronze for tools and weapons. • The wheel (probably brought to region by nomads from Central Asia)

7. Indo-European Migrations 4000-2000 BCE The Middle East: “The Crossroads of Three Continents”

8. Bronze • Improved military and production capacities. • Required long-distance trade and travel to acquire (another feature marking this early civilization period).

9. The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”

10. Sumerians • Earliest documented people of Mesopotamia. • Tigris and Euphrates Rivers area • Over next 2000 years evolved into the states of Babylonia, states of the Hittites, Assyrians, Chaldeans and others. • The idea of “civilization” drew immigrants and invaders to the area, mostly from Central Asia.

11. Sumerians

12. Sumeria • Prototype of civilization. Features: • agricultural surplus. • “stated societies” v. stateless. • dependence on cities for techno development and cultural exchange. • Writing for recordkeeping, long-distance communication, trade, generation and preservation of knowledge. • City-State – an urban center and control of surrounding agricultural lands.

13. Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic Enki Innana Anthropomorphic Gods

14. Semitic Language Family • Hebrew • Arabic • Aramaic • Phoenician • “Middle • Eastern”

15. Later Civilizations • Egypt along Nile River - from 3000 BCE. • Harappan (Harappa was major city) along Indus River, now Pakistan - 2500 BCE • Asia along Huang He (Yellow) River in northern China • Olmec in Central America

16. River Valley Civilizations • Geography provides agricultural societies with the best promise for a surplus. Located along major water supply. • Required use of irrigationcanals- coordination and possibly property definition. • Government and formal rules (laws) develop.

17. End Part I

18. Part II • Regional Characteristics of Early Civilizations • http://www.lost-civilizations.net/ancient-civilizations.html

19. Egypt and Mesopotamia • Similarities: • Developed close beside each other, traded and had knowledge of each others military. • Both used irrigation canals • Both were polytheistic. • Both worshipped gods that took on human forms.

20. Mesopotamian Religion • Temples - housed the cult of the deity or deities • Ex: City of Ur • Polytheistic many gods, both male and female forms. • *Mesopotamian gods more feared and angry than Egyptian gods. • Unpredictable like the rivers.

21. Ziggurat at Ur • Temple • “Mountain of the Gods”

22. Mesopotamian Religion • Gods were anthropomorphic • Humanlike in form and conduct. • Priests inherited their positions father to son.

23. Mesopotamian Religion • Ziggurats were the most visible part of the temple compound • Amulets show a belief in the value of magic. • Hairstyles distinguished class. Slaves were bald.

24. Mesopotamian Politics • Lugal– by 3000 BCE, political ruler called this – “Big Man” • “Sargon the Great” of Akkad- First Dynastic king • Standardized weights and measures • Used cuneiform writing • Comprehensive law code • Developed trade between all city-states under his control.

25. The Royal Standard of Ur

26. Sargon of Akkad:The World’s First Empire [Akkadians]

27. The Babylonian Empires

28. Hammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750 B. C. E.] Code

29. Hammurabi, the Judge

30. Intellectual Advancements • Bronze was the first metal used for tools and weapons like: • Chariots • Metal-tipped arrows and squads of archers • Siege machinery -battering rams to break through walls.

31. End Part 2

32. Cuneiform • Writing system evolved from pictographs • Created with a wedge-shaped stick pushed images into a wet clay tablet. • Symbols represented objects and activities.

33. Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing

35. Deciphering Cuneiform

36. Sumerian Scribes “Tablet House”

37. Sumerian Cylinder Seals

38. Quiz 32014

39. Literature = Gilgamesh • Earliest written epoch about warrior king and his travels. • Included story of a flood that covered the world.

40. Gilgamesh Epic Tablet:Flood Story

41. Math • Base 60 system • No zero • Used for keeping records, architectural designs, geometry.

42. Babylonian Math

43. Babylonian Numbers

44. Economics Driven by Conquest Search for new resources causes expansion. Central location built trade with Africa and eastern regions

45. Trade in the “Cuneiform World”

46. Mesopotamian Society • Classes – 3. Royalty, Priests, Commoners. • Slaves– captured in battle or criminals. • Hairstyle distinguished slaves. • Women – held lower status than men. • Infanticide practiced (deliberate killing of babies *mostly female)

47. Mesopotamian Harp

48. Board Game From Ur

49. Sophisticated Metallurgy Skillsat Ur

50. Women in Mesopotamia • Manufactured textiles • Brewed beer and ran taverns • Worked as prostitutes and fortune tellers • Could own some property. • Could NOT hold government office